The pallial amygdala of amniote vertebrates: evolution of the concept, evolution of the structure

Martínez‐Garciá, Fernando; Martı́nez-Marcos, Alino; Lanuza, Enrique

doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00665-7

Cited by 122 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Other regions that were widely recognized to be homologous among vertebrates -the hippocampus, olfactory (piriform) cortex and olfactory bulb -did not require name changes. After extensive evaluation of the various one-to-one homology hypotheses of the avian and mammalian pallia 28,44,68,74,75,77,84 …”

Section: The Pallial Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution

et al. 2005

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We believe that names have a powerful influence on the experiments we do and the way in which we think. For this reason, and in the light of new evidence about the function and evolution of the vertebrate brain, an international consortium of neuroscientists has reconsidered the traditional, 100-year-old terminology that is used to describe the avian cerebrum. Our current understanding of the avian brain -in particular the neocortex-like cognitive functions of the avian pallium -requires a new terminology that better reflects these functions and the homologies between avian and mammalian brains.One hundred years ago, Edinger, the father of comparative neuroanatomy, formulated a unified theory of brain evolution that formed the basis of a nomenclature that has been used to define the cerebral subdivisions of all vertebrates 1 . This resulted in terms and associated concepts such as palaeostriatum, archistriatum, neostriatum and neocortex that are still in common use. According to this theory, the avian cerebrum is almost entirely composed of basal ganglia, the basal ganglia is involved in only instinctive behaviour, and the malleable behaviour that is thought to typify mammals exclusively requires the so-called neocortex. However, towards the end of the twentieth century, there accumulated a wealth of evidence that these viewpoints were incorrect. The avian cerebrum has a large pallial territory that performs functions similar to those of the mammalian cortex. Although the avian pallium is nuclear, and the mammalian cortex is laminar in organization, the avian pallium supports cognitive abilities similar to, and for some species more advanced than, those of many mammals. To eliminate these misconceptions, an international forum of neuroscientists (BOX 1) has, for the first time in 100 years, developed new terminology that more accurately reflects our current understanding of the avian cerebrum and its homologies with mammals. This change in terminology is part of a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution.In this article, we summarize the traditional view of telencephalic evolution before reviewing more recent findings and insights. We then present the new nomenclature that has been Correspondence to Erich Jarvis at the

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Section: The Pallial Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution

et al. 2005

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“…Little is known, however, about mechanisms that regulate the patterning of the amygdala, an interface structure consisting of both dorsal (pallial) as well as ventral (subpallial) telencephalic derivatives. There are different views about how the various amygdaloid nuclei may be categorized into distinct functional or cytoarchitectural groups (Puelles et al, 2000;Martinez-Garcia et al, 2002;McDonald, 2003). There is even controversy as to whether or not it is relevant to collectively refer to these nuclei as "amygdaloid" in the first place (Swanson and Petrovich, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LIM Genes Parcellate the Embryonic Amygdala and Regulate Its Development

Remedios¹,

Subramanian²,

Tole³

2004

J. Neurosci.

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The mechanisms that regulate the development of the amygdaloid complex are as yet poorly understood. Here, we show that in the absence of the LIM-homeodomain (LIM-HD) gene Lhx2, a particular amygdaloid nucleus, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (nLOT), is selectively disrupted. LIM family members are well suited for multiple roles in the development of complex structures because they participate in regulatory interactions that permit a diversity of function. To investigate the possible role for other LIM-HD genes as well as LIM-only (Lmo) genes in the developing amygdala, we examined their expression in the embryo. We show that amygdaloid nuclei upregulate distinct patterns of LIM gene expression from embryonic stages. This supports the hypothesis that LIM genes may participate in the mechanisms that control the development of the amygdala. The disruption of the nLOT in the Lhx2 mutant is the first evidence of a role for LIM-HD genes in the development of the amygdaloid complex. The combinatorial expression patterns of LIM genes suggest a comprehensive mechanism for patterning this structure.

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“…These two regions have been shown previously to be involved in responses to different stress types [4,5,[26][27][28]. Accumbal samples comprised tissue homologous to mammalian NAc shell [35][36][37][38] while amygdalar samples correspond to the combined central, lateral and medial regions of the mammalian amygdaloid complex without inclusion of the basolateral nucleus homologue [23][24][25]39]. …”

Section: Measurement Of Accumbal and Amygdalar Monoaminesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rapid increases in A. carolinensis amygdalar DA levels with social threat occurred in areas homologous with the central, lateral and medial nuclei of the mammalian amygdala [23][24][25]. Exposure to aversive conditioned stimuli is associated with increased DA levels in the central and lateral nuclei of the mammalian amygdala [53,54], and DA activity in the lateral amygdala is essential for inducing synaptic plasticity underlying acquisition of conditioned fear memories [55,56].…”

Section: Effects Of Social Threat On Limbic Monoaminesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, we examined if acute social challenge would elicit changes both in systemic catecholamine release and in DA and 5-HT activity within the NAc and amygdala. We chose these limbic regions based on their known association with aggression and stress responses, their homology with mammalian systems [23][24][25], and our previous data demonstrating robust changes in DA and 5-HT activity in response to a range of stressors, including social stress [4,5,[26][27][28]. We also determined whether these neuroendocrine responses differed with the level of social threat, i.e., with the absence or presence of eyespots on the reflected opponent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid neuroendocrine responses evoked at the onset of social challenge

Watt

Forster

Korzan

et al. 2007

Physiology & Behavior

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At the onset of agonistic social challenge, individuals must assess the degree of threat the opponent represents in order to react appropriately. We aimed to characterize the neuroendocrine changes accompanying this period of initial social assessment using the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Conveyance of aggressive intent by male A. carolinensis is facilitated by rapid post-orbital skin darkening (eyespot), whereas eyespot presence inhibits opponent aggression. By manipulating this visual signal, we also investigated whether differing neuroendocrine changes were evoked by initial presentation of varying levels of social threat. Subjects were painted postorbitally either with black paint (high threat level), green paint (low threat level) or water (controls). Painted animals were presented with a mirror and sampled immediately upon exhibiting aggressive intent towards the reflected simulated opponent, but before producing behaviors such as motor pattern-based displays. Control animals (blank surface presented) were sampled at times derived from averaging response times of painted subjects. Brains and plasma were analyzed for monoamine activity and catecholamine levels using electrochemical HPLC. Social threat evoked increases in plasma catecholamine levels indistinguishable from those caused by brief environmental disturbance. However, brief social challenge caused distinct rapid increases in amygdala and nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine and serotonin levels. Amygdalar changes were associated with general social threat presence, but NAc monoamines were affected by both threat level and subject motivation to engage in confrontation. This suggests that specific rapid activity changes in key forebrain limbic nuclei differ according to the degree of social threat perceived at the start of the interaction.

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The pallial amygdala of amniote vertebrates: evolution of the concept, evolution of the structure

Cited by 122 publications

References 57 publications

Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution

Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution

LIM Genes Parcellate the Embryonic Amygdala and Regulate Its Development

Rapid neuroendocrine responses evoked at the onset of social challenge

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