The Partial Pressure of Inspired Carbon Dioxide Exposure Levels in the Extravehicular Mobility Unit

Kim, Kyoung Jae; Bekdash, Omar; Norcross, Jason; Conkin, Johnny; Garbino, Alejandro; Fricker, John; Young, Millennia; Abercromby, Andrew F. J.

doi:10.3357/amhp.5608.2020

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 5 publications

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“…34 Findings of reduced platelet aggregation and adhesion as well as other altered coagulation systems suggest that hemostasis may be more difficult to achieve in space, 54 despite recent findings of a potentially increased risk for thrombus formation. 55 Systemic vasodilation from high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide-typically fluctuating between 2.3 and 5.3 mm Hg in spacecraft-may further increase risk of blood loss, 56,57 and venous bleeding has also been shown to increase in parabolic flights, possibly because of the lack of venous wall compression. 33 Thus, a massive bleeding-especially as it leads to hypovolemia and coagulopathy in the case of shock-is likely to have a relatively profound impact on the overall outcome of a trauma injury compared with that in the terrestrial setting.…”

Section: Cardiovascular Deconditioning and Hematological Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

External Hemorrhage Control Techniques for Human Space Exploration: Lessons from the Battlefield

Thoolen

Kuypers

2023

Wilderness & Environmental Medicine

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The past few decades of military experience have brought major advances in the prehospital care of patients with trauma. A focus on early hemorrhage control with aggressive use of tourniquets and hemostatic gauze is now generally accepted. This narrative literature review aims to discuss external hemorrhage control and the applicability of military concepts in space exploration. In space, environmental hazards, spacesuit removal, and limited crew training could cause significant time delays in providing initial trauma care. Cardiovascular and hematological adaptations to the microgravity environment are likely to reduce the ability to compensate, and resources for advanced resuscitation are limited. Any unscheduled emergency evacuation requires a patient to don a spacesuit, involves exposure to high G-forces upon re-entry into Earth's atmosphere, and costs a significant amount of time until a definitive care facility is reached. As a result, early hemorrhage control in space is critical. Safe implementation of hemostatic dressings and tourniquets seems feasible, but adequate training will be essential, and tourniquets are preferably converted to other methods of hemostasis in case of a prolonged medical evacuation. Other emerging approaches such as early tranexamic acid administration and more advanced techniques have shown promising results as well. For future exploration missions to the Moon and Mars, when evacuation is not possible, we look into what training or assistance tools would be helpful in managing the bleed at the point of injury.

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Section: Cardiovascular Deconditioning and Hematological Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

External Hemorrhage Control Techniques for Human Space Exploration: Lessons from the Battlefield

Thoolen

Kuypers

2023

Wilderness & Environmental Medicine

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Planetary extravehicular activity (EVA) risk mitigation strategies for long-duration space missions

2021

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Extravehicular activity (EVA) is one of the most dangerous activities of human space exploration. To ensure astronaut safety and mission success, it is imperative to identify and mitigate the inherent risks and challenges associated with EVAs. As we continue to explore beyond low earth orbit and embark on missions back to the Moon and onward to Mars, it becomes critical to reassess EVA risks in the context of a planetary surface, rather than in microgravity. This review addresses the primary risks associated with EVAs and identifies strategies that could be implemented to mitigate those risks during planetary surface exploration. Recent findings within the context of spacesuit design, Concept of Operations (CONOPS), and lessons learned from analog research sites are summarized, and how their application could pave the way for future long-duration space missions is discussed. In this context, we divided EVA risk mitigation strategies into two main categories: (1) spacesuit design and (2) CONOPS. Spacesuit design considerations include hypercapnia prevention, thermal regulation and humidity control, nutrition, hydration, waste management, health and fitness, decompression sickness, radiation shielding, and dust mitigation. Operational strategies discussed include astronaut fatigue and psychological stressors, communication delays, and the use of augmented reality/virtual reality technologies. Although there have been significant advances in EVA performance, further research and development are still warranted to enable safer and more efficient surface exploration activities in the upcoming future.

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The Partial Pressure of Inspired Carbon Dioxide Exposure Levels in the Extravehicular Mobility Unit

Cited by 2 publications

References 5 publications

External Hemorrhage Control Techniques for Human Space Exploration: Lessons from the Battlefield

External Hemorrhage Control Techniques for Human Space Exploration: Lessons from the Battlefield

Planetary extravehicular activity (EVA) risk mitigation strategies for long-duration space missions

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