The Patchwork City: Class, Space, and Politics in Metro Manila

Garrido, Marco

doi:10.1093/sf/soaa106

Cited by 12 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Doubts about democracy were widely shared even if people disagreed about how to proceed. After enough interviews, I was able to identify a ‘common sense’ about democracy that seemed particular to the upper and middle class because it had been worked out in interaction with like others within the relatively coherent social circle of the group (for the views of the urban poor on democracy, see Garrido, 2019). The interview provided informants with an opportunity to rehearse a view and vision that had been developed collectively, not individually, and represented the state of the conversation about democracy at the time.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A conjunctural account of upper- and middle-class support for Rodrigo Duterte

Garrido

2020

International Sociology

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Philippine scholars have largely interpreted Duterte’s support among the upper and middle class as a rejection of the previous administration’s incremental reformism. They also point to the growing appeal of a politics of discipline. These explanations are insufficient. They cannot tell us why the upper and middle class supported Duterte when they did in 2016. The Aquino administration was not the first to disappoint and Duterte hardly the first avatar of discipline to appear on the political scene. In this article the author argues that we need to understand support for Duterte as having crystallized over time with respect to a series of events. Specifically, we need to account for the trajectory of democracy in the Philippines and the contingency of support for him. By placing this support in conjunctural context, we are better able to understand the upper and middle classes’ predisposition to ‘strong leaders’ and their turn to Duterte in 2016.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A conjunctural account of upper- and middle-class support for Rodrigo Duterte

Garrido

2020

International Sociology

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“…Rather than referring to urban informality as a reaction to or side effect of the makings of formal sites, Dovey finds that formal and informal practices are "synergies" that are often present in Asian cities, arguing that the "informal/formal has been negotiated" (2012, p. 357). Additional scholars (Choi 2016;Michel 2010;Garrido 2019) also strengthen Shatkin's concepts in their exploration of Metro Manila's urban mappings. They pay particular attention to how the planning of Metro Manila is shaped by long-standing class divisions and the influences of elite families (some who even own large development companies) and the private sector on the creation of exclusive spaces.…”

Section: "Forgetful" Planning -Deliberate Exclusion Of the Urban Poor In The Metropolismentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The Philippines's complicated history with land ownership and housing crises can be traced back as early as the 1950s, with powerful families monopolizing land and property rights while enforcing the displacement of poorer families and communities (Storey, 1998). However, numerous scholars cite former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos' administration as being notable in creating deeper divisions between richer families and the poor, wherein the development of state policies significantly impacted the urban development of Metro Manila (Storey 1998;Porio and Crisol 2004;Shatkin 2004;Minnery et al 2013;Kwak 2017;Malaque et al 2018;Garrido 2019). As the Philippines transitioned into an export-led economy under Marcos, infrastructure plans were fraught by patronage and paternalistic politics that eventually led to "hostile" treatment towards "squatters" and slum dwellers, especially in Metro Manila where plans for economic growth became more concentrated.…”

Section: Informality In Metro Manila -Histories Of Stigmatization Against the Urban Poor And Housing Rightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Unforgotten” informal communities and the COVID-19 pandemic: Sitio San Roque under Metro Manila’s lockdown

Collantes

2021

IJHRH

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Purpose This paper aims to offer Sitio San Roque, an informal settlement in the Philippines as a case study to explore long-term "forgetful" urban development planning in the Philippines, and the renewed visibility of the urban poor under COVID-19 lockdown. It connects scholarship on informality to issues of housing and political rights in Metro Manila to further investigate how vulnerable communities in the Global South are faring in the pandemic. Design/methodology/approach This is an exploration of Sitio San Roque, an informal settler community in Metropolitan "Metro" Manila, Philippines. This paper refers to recent journalistic reports pertaining to the community's ongoing evictions and arrests while under Metro Manila's "enhanced community quarantine." Furthermore, it converses with literature from disciplines including health-care policy, urban studies and recent studies on COVID-19 and vulnerable communities to critically discuss the plight of the urban poor in the pandemic-stricken Metro Manila. Findings The urban poor and members of informal communities such as Sitio San Roque are especially vulnerable to contracting COVID-19 because of precarious livelihoods and housing instability. The creation of informality in Metro Manila can be traced to political tensions, economic agendas and development planning since the time of Marcos' administration and also to global restructuring during the 1990s. However, also important to note is that under Metro Manila's lockdown, informal settlers are further disenfranchised and stigmatized via ongoing demolitions and evictions, as well as by processes of policing and criminalization by the state. The use of military and police personnel as a way to enforce lockdown in the metropolis further impedes on the rights of informal settlers and the urban poor. Originality/value Recent scholarship and reports discuss the challenges for informal communities and the urban poor in navigating the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly due to their housing conditions and loss of economic stability. This paper contributes to a critical understanding of these issues by adding the dimensions of political and housing rights. It refers to the case study of members of Sitio San Roque, who have experienced continuous threats of demolitions and arrests by state police for protesting the lack of government aid under lockdown. Both military approaches of governance and housing informality work in tandem to expose the vulnerabilities of the urban poor in Metro Manila's pandemic. Finally, this paper extends on urban studies scholar Gavin Shatkin's concept of “forgetful planning” (2004) by applying his discussions to the current context. Informal settlers have long been “forgotten” by the state's development plans, but are now remembered and deemed more visible in Metro Manila's ECQ.

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“…Drawing on qualitative fieldwork and media coverage of a gruesome turf war in Monterrey, Mexico, one of the wealthiest cities in Latin America, I illustrate how violence lead the upper class to "disembed" (Rodgers 2004) the municipality of San Pedro from the Monterrey Metropolitan Area, revamp the police and attempt to create not only a "defended neighborhood" (Suttles 1972), but an entire "defended city." Contemporary San Pedro reveals that increased violence and fear can prompt not only the fragmentation of urban space into numerous gated communities (Caldeira 2000;Dinzey-Flores 2013;Garrido 2019;Low 2004Low , 2006, but also the simultaneous concentration of wealth and public security at a city level. Latin American metropoles call for a reconceptualization of urban violence beyond the margins and a closer examination of the invisible walls enclosing and concentrating the urban wealthy at the top of the social structure.…”

Section: Reconceptualizing Urban Violence From the Global Southmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconceptualizing Urban Violence from the Global South

Villarreal

2021

City & Community

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Although urban violence is most often theorized in relation to marginality, violence affects wealthy and poor in Latin America, albeit in different ways. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork and media coverage of a gruesome turf war in Monterrey, Mexico, this paper illustrates how an increase in violence lead the upper class to “disembed” the municipality of San Pedro from the Monterrey Metropolitan Area, revamp the police, and attempt to create not only a “defended neighborhood,” but an entire “defended city.” Contemporary San Pedro reveals that violence and related fear can prompt not only the fragmentation of urban space into numerous gated communities, but also the simultaneous concentration of urban wealth and public security at a city level. Latin American metropoles call for a reconceptualization of urban violence beyond the margins and a closer examination of the invisible walls enclosing the urban wealthy around the world.

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The Patchwork City: Class, Space, and Politics in Metro Manila

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

A conjunctural account of upper- and middle-class support for Rodrigo Duterte

A conjunctural account of upper- and middle-class support for Rodrigo Duterte

“Unforgotten” informal communities and the COVID-19 pandemic: Sitio San Roque under Metro Manila’s lockdown

Reconceptualizing Urban Violence from the Global South

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