The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the 'seed and soil' hypothesis revisited

Fidler, Isaiah J.

doi:10.1038/nrc1098

Cited by 4,066 publications

(3,231 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…It is conceivable that some breast tumors were derived from cells that had deleted ATF3 (a tumor suppressor), whereas others from cells that had 'evolved' to co-opt ATF3 (to become an oncogene). This speculation fits with the observations that cancer cells are heterogenous in their genetic and epigenetic alterations (some reviews; Loeb, 2001;Fidler, 2003;Albertson, 2006). Although frequently amplified, 1q was documented to be lost in some tumors (Rooney et al, 1999), such as renal carcinoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and gastrointestinal tumors.…”

Section: Atf3 Dichotomy In Cancer Developmentsupporting

confidence: 82%

A potential dichotomous role of ATF3, an adaptive-response gene, in cancer development

2007

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Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a member of the ATF/cyclic AMP response element-binding family of transcription factors. We present evidence that ATF3 has a dichotomous role in cancer development. By both gain-and loss-of-function approaches, we found that ATF3 enhances apoptosis in the untransformed MCF10A mammary epithelial cells, but protects the aggressive MCF10CA1a cells and enhances its cell motility. Array analyses indicated that ATF3 upregulates the expression of several genes in the tumor necrosis factor pathway in the MCF10A cells but upregulates the expression of several genes implicated in tumor metastasis, including TWIST1, fibronectin (FN)-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, caveolin-1 and Slug, in the MCF10CA1a cells. We present evidence that ATF3 binds to the endogenous promoters and regulates the transcription of the TWIST1, FN-1, Snail and Slug genes. Furthermore, conditioned medium experiments indicated that ATF3 has a paracrine/autocrine effect, consistent with its upregulation of genes encoding secreted factors. Finally, ATF3 gene copy number is >2 in B80% of the breast tumors examined (N ¼ 48) and its protein level is elevated in B50% of the tumors. These results provided a correlative argument that it is advantageous for the malignant cancer cells to express ATF3, consistent with its oncogenic roles suggested by the MCF10CA1a cell data.

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Section: Atf3 Dichotomy In Cancer Developmentsupporting

confidence: 82%

A potential dichotomous role of ATF3, an adaptive-response gene, in cancer development

2007

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“…Micrometastases can establish early in heterogeneous primary tumor development and seed distal sites prior to clinical detection [96]. Therefore, at the time of diagnosis many cancer patients already have microscopic metastases, an observation that has led to the development of post-surgical adjuvant therapy for patients with solid tumors.…”

Section: Generation Of Ctl In the Light-mediated Tumor Environment --mentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting tumors with LIGHT to generate metastasis-clearing immunity

Yü¹,

Fu²

2008

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews

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Metastastic diseases cause the majority of morbidity and mortality of cancer patients. Established tumors form both physical and immunological barriers to limit immune detection and destruction. Current immunotherapy of vaccination and adoptive transfer shows limited effect at least in part due to the existing barriers in the tumors and depending on the knowledge of tumor antigens. Tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14 (TNFSF14) LIGHT interacts with stromal cells, dendritic cells, NK cells, naïve and activated T cells and tumor cells inside the tumor tissues via its two functional receptors, HVEM and lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR). Targeting tumor tissues with LIGHT leads to augmentation of priming, recruitment, and retention of effector cells at tumor sites, directly or indirectly, to induce strong anti-tumor immunity to inhibit the growth of primary tumors as well as eradicate metastases. Intratumor treatment would break tumor barriers and allow strong immunity against various tumors without defining tumor antigens. This review summarizes recent findings to support that LIGHT is a promising candidate for an effective cancer immunotherapy.

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“…Existing strategies are mostly limited to combine therapy based on chemotherapy, gene therapy, and radiotherapeutics 5, 6, 7, 8. Moreover, the metastasis cascade is inherent to the generation process of most tumor metastases, especially lung metastases 9, 10, 11, 12. Therefore, an adjuvant‐therapy‐based strategy that effectively inhibits the metastasis cascade might greatly contribute to preventing the metastasis of most malignant tumors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Melanoma‐Targeted Therapy by “Fru‐Blocked” Phenyboronic Acid‐Modified Multiphase Antimetastatic Micellar Nanoparticles

Long

Mei

et al. 2018

Advanced Science

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Metastasis remains the main driver of mortality in patients suffering from cancer because of the refractoriness resulting from the multi‐phase metastatic cascade. Herein, a multifunctional self‐delivering PBA‐LMWH‐TOS nanoparticle (PLT NP) is established that acts as both nanocarrier and anti‐metastatic agent with effects on most hematogenous metastases of cancers. The hydrophilic segment (low molecular weight heparin, LMWH) inhibits the interactions between tumor cells and platelets. The hydrophobic segment (d‐α‐tocopheryl succinate, TOS) could inhibit the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) in B16F10 cells which is first reported in this article. Surprisingly, even the blank NPs showed excellent anti‐metastatic capacity in three mouse models by acting on different phases of the metastatic cascade. Moreover, the overexpression of sialic acid (SA) residues on tumor cells is implicated in the malignant and metastatic phenotypes of cancers. Thus, these 3‐aminophenylboronic acid (PBA)‐modified doxorubicin (DOX)‐loaded NPs offer an efficient approach for the treatment of both solid melanomas and metastases. Furthermore, a simple pH‐sensitive “Fructose (Fru)‐blocking” coping strategy is established to reduce the NP distribution in normal tissues and distinctly increases the accumulation in melanoma tumors. These micellar NPs consisting of biocompatible materials offer a promising approach for the clinical therapy of highly invasive solid tumors and metastases.

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The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the 'seed and soil' hypothesis revisited

Cited by 4,066 publications

References 18 publications

A potential dichotomous role of ATF3, an adaptive-response gene, in cancer development

A potential dichotomous role of ATF3, an adaptive-response gene, in cancer development

Targeting tumors with LIGHT to generate metastasis-clearing immunity

Enhanced Melanoma‐Targeted Therapy by “Fru‐Blocked” Phenyboronic Acid‐Modified Multiphase Antimetastatic Micellar Nanoparticles

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