The Pattern of Fighting in Simple, Small-Scale, Prestate Societies

The origins and significance of coastal resource use in Africa and Western Eurasia

“…Men do most of the fighting, 1003 and they fight over resources, land, women, and honor, and they do so as individuals but also as 1004 groups (Keeley, 1996;Gat, 1999;Kelly, 2000;Gat, 2000a;Gat, 2000b;Otterbein, 2004). There 1005 have been two trajectories to the literature on hunter-gatherer inter-group conflict and these have 1006 never been well integrated.…”

“…There 1005 have been two trajectories to the literature on hunter-gatherer inter-group conflict and these have 1006 never been well integrated. There is a warfare, or primitive warfare, anthropological literature1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 (Keeley, 1996;Gat, 1999;Kelly, 2000;Gat, 2000aGat, , 2000bOtterbein, 2004) and a territoriality 1008 anthropological literature (Speck and Eiseley, 1939;Heinz, 1972;Petersen, 1975;Dyson-Hudson 1009 andSmith, 1978;Petersen, 1979;Cashdan, 1983). The former has focused on organized fighting 1010 between groups of people and the origins of war by examining hunter-gatherer and mid-level 1011…”

Interpersonal Aggression among Aka Hunter-Gatherers of the Central African Republic

“…Ember (1978) notes that 64% of hunter-gatherer societies experienced warfare at least once every two years, and for only 12% of the foragers in her study was warfare rare. It is unclear if the same was also true for prehistoric hunter-gatherers (Ember and Ember, 1997); indeed it appears likely that the recent past, at least, was characterized by greater violence (Gat 1999;McCall and Shields 2008;Walker 2001). Additionally, the low levels of warfare found in contemporary hunter-gatherer societies certainly do not preclude interpersonal conflict; while certain societies may be warless, this does not qualify them as "peaceful" (Kelly 2000).…”

El Entierro 2 Del Sitio Cañadón Leona 5 (Región De Magallanes, Chile).: Viejos Huesos, Nuevos Datos

“…Este evento de violencia habría provocado las heridas que ulteriormente desencadenaron la muerte de los dos individuos. Se conoce que el tipo de enfrentamiento intergrupal más común y más letal entre sociedades simples ocurrió bajo la modalidad de raids (emboscadas, incursiones sorpresivas), los cuales podían generar varias bajas en individuos de diferente sexo y edad (Gat 1999). El único antecedente para el área de violencia interpersonal en el Holoceno tardío se registra en la costa norte del estrecho de Magallanes.…”