“…Studies interested in their understanding of, and alignment with, the campaign objectives of 1Malaysia, for example, report, on the one hand, that citizens show a clear grasp of its conception of unity and agreement on unity as an appropriate political goal for the country (Ismail & Ahmad, 2014). Clearly reflected on the other hand, however, is disagreement among ethnic groups over the ideas of unity expressed in the campaign images (Zeiny & Yusof, 2013), alongside clear alternative definitions of unity, from them, based on their lived experiences (Tajuddin et al, 2017), and even a variety of criticisms of the campaign as state rhetoric (Chinnasamy et al, 2020; Harris & Han, 2020).…”