The Perfect Storm: COVID-19 Health Disparities in US Blacks

Phillips, Nicole; Park, In Woo; Robinson, Janie R.; Jones, Harlan P.

doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00871-y

Cited by 60 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Such pre-existing conditions are often attributed to social determinants of health, which have been shown to have significant deleterious effects on communities of color, and especially Black communities [6,9,13,30,34]. Our results are consistent with emerging trends suggesting that Black American adults are more directly impacted by COVID-19 than their White counterparts [23,4,1,24,19,29,2,28]. Notably, some epidemiological data suggest that almost 90% of primarily Black communities reported COVID-19 related morbidity and almost 50% mortality rates [23].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Although these differences by race and political ideology were expected based on prior reports [8,11,14,1,24,19,29,2,28], we also observed a race-by-ideology interaction for several COVID-19 impacts. Although a respondent's political ideology is associated with their assessment of COVID-19's threat, their approval of government responses, and their adoption of behavioral changes, these associations are stronger for White respondents than Black respondents.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

“…Since the first confirmed case of the novel coronavirus (COVID- 19) was reported in the United States on January 22, 2020, there has been an dramatic increase in morbidity and mortality rates due to the virus. Multiple studies of emerging national and local data suggests that communities of color are disparately affected by COVID-19, thus exacerbating existing health disparities [e.g., 1,24,19,29,2,28]. In the state of Michigan, for example, Blacks comprise approximately 14.1% of the population yet make up more than 35% of deaths as of 5 November 2020 [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, hospitalization data from New York City suggest that Blacks are twice as likely to require COVID-related hospitalizations compared to their White peers [29], and Blacks were disproportionately represented in COVIDrelated mortality cases compared to Whites. Other work suggests that communities with greater concentrations of Blacks showed substantially more cases of COVID-19 [1,2,19] These findings may be partially explained by the fact that Blacks are more likely to present with comorbidities such as hypertension and Type 2 diabetes than their White counterparts, and are also disproportionately affected by stress and other social determinants of health such as unemployment and lack of adequate access to healthcare [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Racial disparities in COVID-19 impacts in Michigan, USA

Anderson-Carpenter¹,

Neal²

2020

Preprint

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Several racial disparities have been observed in the impacts of COVID-19 in the United States. In this paper, we used a representative sample of adults in Michigan to examine differences in COVID-19 impacts on Blacks and Whites in four domains: direct, perceived, political, and behavioral. We found that in the initial wave of the outbreak in May 2020, Blacks were more likely to be diagnosed or know someone who was diagnosed, or more likely to lose their job compared to Whites. Additionally, Blacks differed significantly from Whites in their assessment of COVID-19’s threat to public health and the economy, the adequacy of government responses to COVID-19, and the appropriateness of behavioral changes to mitigate COVID-19’s spread. Although in many cases these views of COVID-19 were also associated with political ideology, this association was significantly stronger for Whites than Blacks. We conclude by discussing the implications of an ongoing and highly politicized public health crisis that has racially disparate impacts in multiple domains.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Racial disparities in COVID-19 impacts in Michigan, USA

Anderson-Carpenter¹,

Neal²

2020

Preprint

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“…Moreover, there is an increasing recognition of a prothrombotic state in COVID-19 [ 27 ] and neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression and anxiety [ 28 ]. The expression levels of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), interleukin-6 (IL-6), based on their involvement in both environmental responses and comorbid conditions, such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, may substantially raise the respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mortality [ 29 ]. In this review, we summarize the recent research on diarylureas with antimicrobial and antiviral activities and other properties related to pandemics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diarylureas: Repositioning from Antitumor to Antimicrobials or Multi-Target Agents against New Pandemics

et al. 2021

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Antimicrobials have allowed medical advancements over several decades. However, the continuous emergence of antimicrobial resistance restricts efficacy in treating infectious diseases. In this context, the drug repositioning of already known biological active compounds to antimicrobials could represent a useful strategy. In 2002 and 2003, the SARS-CoV pandemic immobilized the Far East regions. However, the drug discovery attempts to study the virus have stopped after the crisis declined. Today’s COVID-19 pandemic could probably have been avoided if those efforts against SARS-CoV had continued. Recently, a new coronavirus variant was identified in the UK. Because of this, the search for safe and potent antimicrobials and antivirals is urgent. Apart from antiviral treatment for severe cases of COVID-19, many patients with mild disease without pneumonia or moderate disease with pneumonia have received different classes of antibiotics. Diarylureas are tyrosine kinase inhibitors well known in the art as anticancer agents, which might be useful tools for a reposition as antimicrobials. The first to come onto the market as anticancer was sorafenib, followed by some other active molecules. For this interesting class of organic compounds antimicrobial, antiviral, antithrombotic, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory properties have been reported in the literature. These numerous properties make these compounds interesting for a new possible pandemic considering that, as well as for other viral infections also for CoVID-19, a multitarget therapeutic strategy could be favorable. This review is meant to be an overview on diarylureas, focusing on their biological activities, not dwelling on the already known antitumor activity. Quite a lot of papers present in the literature underline and highlight the importance of these molecules as versatile scaffolds for the development of new and promising antimicrobials and multitarget agents against new pandemic events.

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Disparities in Susceptibility to Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

Dennis-Heyward

2021

JAMA Pediatr

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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected more than 29 million people in the US and caused more than 540 000 deaths as of March 2021 according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1 In adults, the most severe manifestation of COVID-19 is acute respiratory distress syndrome, which occurs most commonly among older individuals with underlying medical comorbidities. A notable feature of COVID-19 is that children have been relatively spared compared with adults, as children younger than 18 years only represent 11% of those with COVID-19 infection and 0.1% of deaths in the US. 1 A second notable feature of COVID-19 is that Black and Hispanic individuals bear a disproportionate burden of disease and adverse outcomes compared with White and Asian individuals, and unfortunately, children from racial and ethnic minority groups also bear this burden. 1 Black and Hispanic children are infected and die of COVID-19 at higher rates relative to their representation in the population and, strikingly, make up the overwhelming majority (66%) of those who develop a newly emerging life-threatening condition, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). 1,2 MIS-C was first reported in April 2020 after multiple previously healthy children presented with cardiovascular shock, fever, and hyperinflammation in the United Kingdom. In May 2020, the CDC issued a national health advisory for MIS-C, which is now characterized by fever, multiorgan (2 or more) system involvement (cardiac, kidney, respiratory, hematologic, gastrointestinal, dermatologic, or neurological), and clinically severe illness requiring hospitalization. 2,3 The etiology of MIS-C seems to be postinfectious, as most children with MIS-C test positive for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. [2][3][4] Cellular profiling in children with MIS-C has revealed an immune-driven pathophysiology, evident by drastic elevations in inflammatory mediators and a distinct immune signature suggestive of lymphocytic and myeloid activation and mucosal immune dysregulation. 4 Interestingly, autoantibodies have also been implicated in disease pathogenesis, as autoantigen reactivity to endothelial, gastrointestinal, and immune cell antigens can be detected in plasma in children with MIS-C. 4 Although we suspect that MIS-C is driven by an aberrant immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we still do not know why some children are susceptible to MIS-C after SARS-CoV-2 infection while others are not. Furthermore, the cause for differential rates of MIS-C among Black and Hispanic children remains unclear.When examining the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 cases in Black and Hispanic adults, differences in access to health care and social and structural

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The Perfect Storm: COVID-19 Health Disparities in US Blacks

Cited by 60 publications

References 99 publications

Racial disparities in COVID-19 impacts in Michigan, USA

Racial disparities in COVID-19 impacts in Michigan, USA

Diarylureas: Repositioning from Antitumor to Antimicrobials or Multi-Target Agents against New Pandemics

Disparities in Susceptibility to Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

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