“…If it is not possible to receive and understand knowledge, it is also useless for problem-solving purposes (Carlile and Rebentisch, 2003). Accordingly, the transfer of knowledge requires encoding, with the source firm aligning knowledge so that the alliance partner can comprehend it (Badir, Büchel, and Tucci, 2009;Cochran et al, 1993;Cummings and Teng, 2003;Fernández-Balboa and Stiehl, 1995;Martin and Salomon, 2003;Monge, Bachman, Dillard, and Eisenberg, 1982;Shulman, 1986;Spitzberg and Cupach, 1989;Szulanski, 2000). Encoding entails being aware of the used nomenclatures, tools, and syntaxes and transforming these where necessary, as this is indispensable for later decoding at a distance (Arrow, 1969;Brown and Duguid, 1991).…”