The Performance of Mangrove Leaf Extract (Sonneratiaalba) in Combating Bacterial Associated with Ice–Ice Disease of Seaweed (Kappaphycusalvarezii)

Abstract

The outbreaks of ice-ice disease since 1999 at various seaweed culture in Indonesia were still very high with significant losses. Moreover, very scanty of the research on the cause and control methods has been developed. Meanwhile, Mangrove leaf extract (Sonneratiaalba) contained bacteriostatic that might potentially effective to combat a such disease. This research was aimed to demonstrate the performance of mangrove leaf extract to control bacteria causing ice-ice disease. Mangrove leaf (S. alba) was extracted by methanol. Nine bacterial collection from the ice-ice were then in vitro-exposed to mangrove extract at concentration of 2500, 5000 and 10,000 mg/l respectively. Research results demonstrated that mangrove leaf extract at all concentrations tested were able to prevent the growth of 9 bacterial strains associated with ice-ice disease. The diameter of clear zone was between 7.47 and 16.17 mm after 24 hours incubation. Thus, it can be concluded that alkaloid, saponin, tannin, triterpenoid/steroid, and flavonoid in the mangrove leaf at concentration as low as 2500 mg/l was able to prevent the growth of 9 bacterial associated with ice-ice disease.

Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Content and Toxicity Test on Mangrove Leaf Extract

“…Identification was carried out using a mixture of anhydrous acetic acid and Liebermann-Barchard reagent. In this test, ten drops of aqua dest were carried out; if it indicates a positive result, a stable foam is formed (1 cm high foam for 10 minutes) [9].…”

“…Weigh 5 mL of mangrove leaf extract, then put it in a test tube, add 2 mL of concentrated HCl, and 1 mL of Dragendorff's solution. If the positive sample contains alkaloids, an orange or red color will appear [9].…”

Ice-Ice Disease in Commercially Cultivated Seaweeds Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma spp.: A Review on the Causes, Occurrence, and Control Measures

“…Also, 500 ppm of flavonoids extracts obtained from the fruits of Sonneratia alba showed an antibacterial property against V. alginolyticus -one of the opportunistic pathogens that trigger ice-ice development in K. alvarezii (Sulistijowati & Karim, 2020). Furthermore, the extracts from the leave of S. alba at a concentration of 2.5 -10 mg ml -1 have effectively hampered the growth of nine ice-ice disease-causing bacteria such as Alteromonas macleodii, Bacillus oceanisediminis, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudoalteromonas issachenkonii, Bacillus hunanensis, Bacillus megaterium, Alteromonas marina, Aurantimonas coralicida, and Rhodococcus rhodochrous (Syafitri et al, 2017b).…”

Characterization of fermentation liquid from mangrove leaves Avicennia marina and its inhibitory potential for bacterium causing ice-ice disease

“…Various efforts to control ice-ice disease has done by introduction to gene encoding lisozyme enzyme (Handayani et al, 2014), dismutase superoxide enzyme (Triana et al, 2016), inhibition test for mangrove leave Sonnerati alba extract (Syafitri et al, 2017), inhibition test for endophytic bacteria of mangrove leave Avicennia marina. Mangrove leaves A. marina used as indigenous microorganisms (IMO) source, is group of innate microbial consortium that inhabits the soil and the surface of all living things inside and outside (Umi & Saria, 2006), and easily available in that environment (Kumar & Gopal, 2015).…”