The performance of pigtailed annealed proton exchange LiNbO<sub>3</sub> modulators at cryogenic temperatures

McConaghy, C.; Lowry, Mark; Becker, Richard A.; Kincaid, B. E.

doi:10.1109/68.541556

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Moreover, optomechanical devices suffer from a maximum modulation bandwidth limited to the ~MHz range, which prevents their usage for a large number of important applications -such as spatial-and time-multiplexing schemes for scalable quantum computing 2,23,24 , fast feedforward operations for measurement-based quantum computation [25][26][27] , or optical read-out schemes for SNSPDs 28 -where a bandwidth in the ~GHz regime is mandatory. Electro-optic modulators (EOMs) based on the Pockels effect can overcome all the aforementioned limitations, and provide a simple and cryogenic-compatible [29][30][31][32] platform for on-chip reconfigurable photonics. In this context, thin Lithium Niobate films bonded onto a Silica insulating substrate (LNOI: Lithium-Niobate-on-Insulator) have recently emerged as a particularly attractive technology for the realization of waveguides with sub-micron scale in χ (2) -nonlinear materials 33 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits

et al. 2021

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Lithium-Niobate-On-Insulator (LNOI) is emerging as a promising platform for integrated quantum photonic technologies because of its high second-order nonlinearity and compact waveguide footprint. Importantly, LNOI allows for creating electro-optically reconfigurable circuits, which can be efficiently operated at cryogenic temperature. Their integration with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) paves the way for realizing scalable photonic devices for active manipulation and detection of quantum states of light. Here we demonstrate integration of these two key components in a low loss (0.2 dB/cm) LNOI waveguide network. As an experimental showcase of our technology, we demonstrate the combined operation of an electrically tunable Mach-Zehnder interferometer and two waveguide-integrated SNSPDs at its outputs. We show static reconfigurability of our system with a bias-drift-free operation over a time of 12 hours, as well as high-speed modulation at a frequency up to 1 GHz. Our results provide blueprints for implementing complex quantum photonic devices on the LNOI platform.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits

et al. 2021

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“…Cryogenic single-photon sources in lithium niobate are realized through the integration of quantum dots [13], and via spontaneous parametric down-conversion in quasi-phase-matched waveguides [12,14]. The first cryogenic electro-optic modulators were demonstrated in the 90s [7,10,[15][16][17]. Nowadays three main modulator schemes exist for cryogenic operation, such as phase-shifter, directional coupler, and polarization converter [9,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyroelectric influence on lithium niobate during the thermal transition for cryogenic integrated photonics

Thiele,

Hummel,

Lange

et al. 2024

Mater. Quantum. Technol.

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Lithium niobate has emerged as a promising platform for integrated quantum optics, enabling efficient generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum states of light. However, integrating single-photon detectors requires cryogenic operating temperatures, since the best performing detectors are based on narrow superconducting wires. While previous studies have demonstrated the operation of quantum light sources and electro-optic modulators in LiNbO3 at cryogenic temperatures, the thermal transition between room temperature and cryogenic conditions introduces additional effects that can significantly influence device performance. In this paper, we investigate the generation of pyroelectric charges and their impact on the optical properties of lithium niobate waveguides when changing from room temperature to 25 K, and vice versa. We measure the generated pyroelectric charge flow and correlate this with fast changes in the birefringence acquired through the Sénarmont-method. Both electrical and optical influence of the pyroelectric effect occur predominantly at temperatures above 100 K.

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“…While phaseshifting has been achieved at cryogenic temperatures in lithium niobate [6][7][8][9] and other platforms [5,10], low-temperature operation of active polarisation conversion is yet to be demonstrated. The polarisation degree of freedom is a very natural basis for encoding qubits on a single photon level, therefore efficient control is an important tool in many quantum photonic information tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryogenic Electro-Optic Polarisation Conversion in Titanium in-diffused Lithium Niobate Waveguides

Thiele,

Bruch,

Quiring

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Many technologies in quantum photonics require cryogenic conditions to operate. However, the underlying platform behind active components such as switches, modulators and phase shifters must be compatible with these operating conditions. To address this, we demonstrate an electro-optic polarisation converter for 1550 nm light at 0.8 K in titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides. To do so, we exploit the electro-optic properties of lithium niobate to convert between orthogonal polarisation modes with a fiber-to-fiber transmission >43%. We achieve a modulation depth of 23.6±3.3 dB and a conversion voltage-length product of 28.8 V cm. This enables the combination of cryogenic photonics and active components on a single integration platform.

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The performance of pigtailed annealed proton exchange LiNbO₃ modulators at cryogenic temperatures

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits

Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits

Pyroelectric influence on lithium niobate during the thermal transition for cryogenic integrated photonics

Cryogenic Electro-Optic Polarisation Conversion in Titanium in-diffused Lithium Niobate Waveguides

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The performance of pigtailed annealed proton exchange LiNbO3 modulators at cryogenic temperatures

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits

Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits

Pyroelectric influence on lithium niobate during the thermal transition for cryogenic integrated photonics

Cryogenic Electro-Optic Polarisation Conversion in Titanium in-diffused Lithium Niobate Waveguides

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Product

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The performance of pigtailed annealed proton exchange LiNbO₃ modulators at cryogenic temperatures