The Performance of Silicon Photomultipliers in Cherenkov TOF PET

Dolenec, R.; Korpar, S.; Križan, P.; Pestotnik, R.; Verdel, Nina

doi:10.1109/tns.2015.2512564

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…It is interesting to notice that SPCTR is better than CTR after correction for crystals having low μ with Black configuration, while for Teflon high number of detected Cherenkov photons lead to a better time resolution compared to only one detected photon without crosstalk. The trend that SPCTR is better than the CTR was also observed in Dolenec et al (2016a) in the case of low photon number. The detection efficiency corrected CTR is normalized based on the detection probability P coinc from equation (4) and table 3 (det CTR .…”

Section: Impact On the Time Resolution Of Crystal Surface Treatment And Lengthsupporting

confidence: 57%

A roadmap for sole Cherenkov radiators with SiPMs in TOF-PET

2021

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Time of flight positron emission tomography can strongly benefit from a very accurate time estimator given by Cherenkov radiation, which is produced upon a 511 keV positron-electron annihilation gamma interaction in heavy inorganic scintillators. While time resolution in the order of 30 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM) has been reported using MCP-PMTs and black painted Cherenkov radiators, such solutions have several disadvantages, like high cost and low detection efficiency of nowadays available MCP-PMTs. On the other hand, silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are not limited by those obstacles and provide high photon detection efficiency with a decent time response. Timing performance of PbF 2 crystals of various lengths and surface conditions coupled to SiPMs was evaluated against a reference detector with an optimized test setup using high-frequency readout and novel time walk correction, with special attention on the intrinsic limits for one detected Cherenkov photon only. The average number of detected Cherenkov photons largely depends on the crystal surface state, resulting in a tradeoff between low photon time spread, thus good timing performance, and sensitivity. An intrinsic Cherenkov photon yield of 16.5 ± 3.3 was calculated for 2 × 2 × 3 mm 3 sized PbF 2 crystals upon 511 keV γ-deposition. After time walk correction based on the slew rate of the signal, assuming two identical detector arms in coincidence, and using all events, a time resolution of 215 ps FWHM (142 ps FWHM) was obtained for 2 × 2 × 20 mm 3 (2 × 2 × 3 mm 3 ) sized PbF 2 crystals, compared to 261 ps (190 ps) without correction. Selecting on one detected photon only, a single photon coincidence time resolution of 113 ps FWHM for black painted and 166 ps for Teflon wrapped crystals was measured for 3 mm length, compared to 145 ps (black) and 263 ps (Teflon) for 20 mm length.

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Section: Impact On the Time Resolution Of Crystal Surface Treatment And Lengthsupporting

confidence: 57%

A roadmap for sole Cherenkov radiators with SiPMs in TOF-PET

2021

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“…While applications such as rangefinders minimize this jitter by averaging multiple measurements, ToF-PET and time imaging calorimeter require optimized SPTR for single event time arrival detection. Furthermore, in low-light detection applications such as Cherenkov radiators or Cherenkov PET detectors [21][22][23], the SPTR is critical since very few photons are emitted, hence detected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quenching Circuit and SPAD Integrated in CMOS 65 nm with 7.8 ps FWHM Single Photon Timing Resolution

et al. 2018

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This paper presents a new quenching circuit (QC) and single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) implemented in TSMC CMOS 65 nm technology. The QC was optimized for single photon timing resolution (SPTR) with a view to an implementation in a 3D digital SiPM. The presented QC has a timing jitter of 4 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM) and the SPAD and QC has a 7.8 ps FWHM SPTR. The QC adjustable threshold allows timing resolution optimization as well as SPAD excess voltage and rise time characterization. The adjustable threshold, hold-off and recharge are essential to optimize the performances of each SPAD. This paper also provides a better understanding of the different contributions to the SPTR. A study of the contribution of the SPAD excess voltage variation combined to the QC time propagation delay variation is presented. The proposed SPAD and QC eliminates the SPAD excess voltage contribution to the SPTR for excess voltage higher than 1 V due to its fixed time propagation delay.

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“…They have a higher photon detection efficiency than MCP-PMTs, are compact, cost-effective, and can sense optical photons with a single photon detection time precision below 100 ps [16]. The use of SiPMs with PbF 2 crystals was studied by Dolenec et al 2016 [17], where the best result obtained for TOF resolution was 297 ps. This value was shown to improve to 197 ps FWHM for 15 mm long crystal when selecting only singlecell hits but at the expense of lower efficiency [18].…”

Section: B Time-of-flightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Potential of a Cherenkov TOF PET Scanner: A Simulation Study

Razdevsek

Pestotnik²,

Križan

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Radiat. Plasma Med. Sci.

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The detection of annihilation photons in PET is based on scintillation light detection, but an interesting alternative is detection based on Cherenkov photons. Dense Cherenkov radiators provide an opportunity for high gamma detection efficiency -due to their high stopping power and photofraction -and excellent coincidence time resolution (CTR). However, because only a few tens of Cherenkov photons follow a gamma interaction in the radiator, the detection efficiency and the energy resolution of a pure Cherenkov detector are an issue. This work explores gamma detection efficiency and CTR of PbF2 based detectors with different surface treatments and photo-detectors covering one, two, or all crystal faces. Following the detector simulation analysis, we investigate the potential performance of a full-size Cherenkov PET scanner and quantitatively compare image quality with a commercial clinical PET scanner. We demonstrate that even though pure Cherenkov scanners have basically no energy resolution, the scatter fraction of around 50% is not prohibitively large, and images comparable to the stateof-the-art clinical PET scanner can be achieved due to improved efficiency and CTR attainable with PbF2.

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The Performance of Silicon Photomultipliers in Cherenkov TOF PET

Cited by 17 publications

References 4 publications

A roadmap for sole Cherenkov radiators with SiPMs in TOF-PET

A roadmap for sole Cherenkov radiators with SiPMs in TOF-PET

Quenching Circuit and SPAD Integrated in CMOS 65 nm with 7.8 ps FWHM Single Photon Timing Resolution

Exploring the Potential of a Cherenkov TOF PET Scanner: A Simulation Study

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