“…These performing ensembles remain the most prevalent type of music courses offered in schools, especially at the secondary level (Abril & Gault, 2008;Matthews & Koner, 2017), but their role in school music programs and the role of the performances that they present have become subjects of heated debate among music education philosophers. Whereas some authors have argued for the continuation of the performance-based large-ensemble model (e.g., Jellison, 2004;Miksza, 2013;Trollinger, 2006), there seems to be a growing consensus that the strong focus on performance in many school music programs creates critical barriers to providing a musical education for all children (e.g., Draisey-Collishaw, 2007;Eyerly, 2007;Freer, 2011;Mitchell, 2010;Morrison, 2009;Regelski, 2007Regelski, , 2014Reimer, 2003Reimer, , 2004Swanwick, 1999;Walker, 2005). Despite the large quantity of philosophical writings about the role of performance in music education and the seeming importance of this question to the profession, very little empirical research has been conducted to examine the ways in which performances interact with other elements of the music teaching and learning process.…”