The Permeation of Water and Iso-octane through Plugs of Microscopic Particles of Crushed Quartz

Johansen, R.T.; Lorenz, Philip; Dodd, Charles G.; Pidgeon, Frances D.; Davis, James W.

doi:10.1021/j150502a009

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Therefore, it is somewhat difficult to ascribe the low permeability (or high value of %/koS) of water permeated kaolinite solely to the existence of unusual phenomena such as immobile films, electroosmotic effects, etc., w'hich do not occur in the presence of a gaseous permeant fluid such as nitrogen. On the other hand, compaction of the clay bed (in the presence of any fluid) might normally be expected to cause disruption of particle aggregates, with the exposure of new solid surfaces to flowing fluid; this would, of course, lead to an increase in S with decreasing void ratio (7,14,17). Similarly, compaction might be expected to cause some change in particle orientation, probably the arrangement of the platy clay particles into positions with their long axes normal to the direction of compression; this would tend to cause an increase in ka with decreasing void ratio.…”

Section: Permeability Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Permeability of Kaolinite

Michaels¹,

Lin²

1954

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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Section: Permeability Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Permeability of Kaolinite

Michaels¹,

Lin²

1954

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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“…4)· shows mat the true mean diameter is "7.2 microns, rather than the arithmetic mean of the sieve openings, 20 microns. Johansen et al 8 obtained similar results when they compared the surface areas of crushed sands measured by nitrogen adsorption and ·the Kozeny" Carman equation. Their sample (E.. l), with an estimated particle-size range between 7 and 35 microns, was the nearest approximation to the size range that we~sed.…”

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confidence: 77%

“…Revised manuscript received Dec. 27, 1974. Paper (SPE 4987) was first presented at the SPE... AIME 49th Annual Fall Meeting, held in Houston, Oct. [6][7][8]1974. lReference s Ii sted at end of paper.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Surface-Area Measurement of Geologic Materials

Donaldson¹,

Kendall²,

Baker³

et al. 1975

Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal

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The Bartlesville Energy Research Center of the U. S. Bureau of Mines bas developed a method for determining the surface area of geologic materials. A gas chromatograph is used to measure the amount of nitrogen adsorbed on the samples from which the surface areas are computed. The results are compared to surface areas calculated from the Kozeny-Carman equation using Carman's textural factor of 5.0. Excellent agreement is obtained for spherical glass beads and crushed sand. However, the ratio of the surface areas of live homogeneous sandstones obtained by nitrogen adsorption to that determined by the Kozeny-Carman equation ranged from 26 to 43. Hence, gas adsorption should be used for surface area measurements of geologic materials. Introduction The U. S. Bureau of Mines is investigating the adsorption properties of organic compounds on geologic materials at subsurface conditions to determine the migration patterns of waste chemical compounds injected into deep wells. The surface area of the adsorbent is one of the important parameters in the study of adsorption. A search of parameters in the study of adsorption. A search of the literature revealed that very little work on the surface areas of geologic materials has been reported. Brooks and Purcell and Tignor et al. reported surface areas of a few sandstones. They also compared their nitrogen-adsorption surface area measurements to results calculated from the Kozeny-Caman equation and noted a wide discrepancy. These data were insufficient to satisfy the needs of this research problem; therefore, several methods for determining surface area by nitrogen adsorption were studied to selected or devise by modification, a method suited for routine measurement of surface areas. Brooks and Purcell used a static, or pressure-volume, system to measure the surface area pressure-volume, system to measure the surface area of geologic materials. More recently, Nelsen and Eggertsen discussed a continuous-flow apparatus that utilized the principles of gas-liquid chromatography for the surface-area measurement of catalysts. The latter method seemed best suited for routine analysis because it does not require the long periods of evacuation, with attendant experimental error, that are inherent in the static system. A Perkin-Elmer Model 154-D gas-liquid chromatograph was modified to provide the continuous-flow system used in this research. APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE The determination of the surface area of catalysts is explained in detail in the literature. The principles are reiterated here to clarify the modifications of Nelson and Eggertsen's apparatus that were made to simplify and adapt the process to the determination of surface areas of porous geologic materials. The procedure involves measuring the nitrogen physically adsorbed as a monolayer on the surface physically adsorbed as a monolayer on the surface of the rock at the liquefaction temperature of nitrogen. Using the theory developed by Brunauer et al., the adsorbed nitrogen is related to the concentration (or partial pressure) of nitrogen.(1)p 1 (C-1)p---------- = ------- + ---------V(po-p) VmC VmCpo A plot of p/V (po-p) vs p/po yields a straight line having intercept 1/VmC and slope C-I/VmC, from which Vm can be determined. The surface area is then given by(2)VmpgN A N2 10-20A = ------------------s M The only data that must be determined experimentally are the volumes of gas (V), adsorbed on the interstitial surface of the rock at several pressures (p). A schematic diagram of the converted Model 154 chromatograph is shown in Fig. 1. SPEJ P. 111

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“…The resulting washing operation is then concerned with removal of the residual saturation and the conate liquid which is trapped by surface forces at the points of contact of adjacent particles. The washing of unsaturated cakes has been recently dealt with by Kuo (9) and Han (7). As the particles become smaller, gravity and centrifugal drainage become increasingly more difficult, so that pores of normally encountered cakes of particles in the 1micron region are completely saturated as a result of the strong capillary forces.…”

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confidence: 99%