The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire: Development and Preliminary Results

Hyler, Steven E.; Rieder, Ronald O.; Williams, Janet B. W.; Spitzer, Robert L.; Hendler, Judith; Lyons, Michael J.

doi:10.1521/pedi.1988.2.3.229

Cited by 308 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Such symptoms are malleable, however, rather than entirely dispositional (Leary, 1991). As a second dependent measure, then, participants completed the avoidant personality disorder symptom scale of Hyler et al (1988), Arm-Crossing 11 which asks people to indicate their level of agreement (1 = very inaccurate; 5 = very accurate) with 7 statements consistent with fearful reasons for avoiding social interaction (e.g., "I am afraid to meet new people because I feel inadequate"). The scale is often used to assess avoidant symptoms and ratings were averaged (M = 2.79; SD = 0.81; alpha = .78).…”

Section: Motivation To Avoid Social Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submissive, inhibited, avoidant, and escape motivated: The correlates and consequences of arm-crossing.

Fetterman¹,

Bair

Robinson

2015

Motivation Science

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Some scholars of nonverbal behavior contend that arm-crossing indicates a defensive orientation to the social environment, but relevant evidence is sparse. Three studies (N = 242) sought to investigate whether there is truth to this idea. Consistent with it, Study 1 found that people reporting higher arm-crossing frequencies scored higher in interpersonal submissiveness and were more inhibited in their social decision-making. To investigate causal processes, Studies 2 and 3 manipulated arm-crossing using a hypothesis-disguising cover story. Study 2 found that arm-crossing activated thoughts of the self's submissiveness and social vulnerability. Study 3 focused on activated strategies for handling potential interpersonal violence. Participants in an arm-crossing condition, relative to a control condition, indicated that they would be more inclined to escape and less likely to attack. The studies converge on the idea that arm-crossing can signify and cause a defensive social orientation. his functional analysis of bared teeth proposed that this expression reflects a hostile disposition with a possible intent to aggress (e.g., by biting). Darwin's (1872) ideas have been influential to the emotions literature, which has sought to establish a correspondence between internal feeling states and their potential outward manifestations (Hess & Thibault, 2009). The vast majority of this work has concentrated on the face, which has an exquisite musculature and is often the focus of attention as people interact with each other (Rosenthal & DePaulo, 1979). A number of stateexpression correspondences have been reasonably well established. As examples, smiles are more likely when people view their circumstances as pleasant and eyebrow furrows are more likely when goal obstacles are perceived (Smith & Scott, 1997).The idea that expressions mirror internal state is Darwin's (1872), but James (1890) added an important extension. According to the extension, adopting a particular expression can create a corresponding internal state. Evidence in support of this idea has come from the facial feedback literature, which has shown, among other effects, that cartoons are perceived as more humorous following a manipulation of smiling relative to frowning (Strack, Martin, & Stepper, 1988). Facial feedback can also bias information processing in an expression-congruent direction (Hawk, Fischer, & Van Kleef, 2012).The face is highly expressive and it is not surprising that it has received the lion's share of attention in research inspired by Darwin (1872) and James (1890). Yet, nonverbal behavior encompasses far more than just what the face does. People also have trunks, arms, and legs that Arm-Crossing 4 can be configured in a variety of ways, some of which may signal psychological meaning. There are difficulties here, however. There are many positions that the body can take, a large number of them may have no particular meaning, and there is no overarching theoretical framework to guide the intrepid "body language" researcher (Dael,...

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Section: Motivation To Avoid Social Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submissive, inhibited, avoidant, and escape motivated: The correlates and consequences of arm-crossing.

Fetterman¹,

Bair

Robinson

2015

Motivation Science

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“…30,31 These 5 dichotomous items correlate 0.75 with the total score on the complete Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire and can be used to predict caseness, ie, the likelihood of any DSM-III-R personality disorder being present. 32 Thus, we can only report the inception cohort) were reinterviewed (2 by telephone). In the cohort 2 comparison sample, 4 patients (6.7%) had died, 2 (3.3%) could not be contacted, and 12 (20%) declined to participate.…”

Section: Personality Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

A Prospective 4- to 5-Year Study of DSM-III-R Hypochondriasis

Barsky

Fama²,

Bailey³

et al. 1998

Arch Gen Psychiatry

125

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“…All service users assessed for the full service are invited to complete a set of psychometric tests including the Personality Disorder Questionnaire version 4 (PDQ-4), 21,22 Clinical Outcome Routine Evaluation (CORE), 23 Social Anxiety and Distress Scale (SADS), 24 Social Functioning Questionnaire (SFQ) 25 and a modified version of the Standardised Assessment of Personality -Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS). 26 This last scale was originally designed to have eight items rated as 'yes' and 'no', but this was converted to a 10-point Likert scale to make it better suited to measure change.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olive Tree community treatment centre for individuals with personality disorder: naturalistic service evaluation

Pretorius

Albeniz²,

Broome

2010

Psychiatrist

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Aims and methodCommunity treatment for individuals with personality disorder is a fast developing field. We report here on the effectiveness of one such approach. We examine the referral pathway of all clients between January 2005 and April 2008, including the mean days spent in our unit, the days spent in a psychiatric hospital before and after admission to our unit, and the results of changes in the rating scales we routinely use.ResultsDrop-out rates and the mean duration of therapy were acceptable. There has been a clear reduction of in-patient bed use and a small but significant improvement of most psychometric test results.Clinical implicationsThis study provides further evidence for the effectiveness of community treatment for individuals with personality disorder.

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The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire: Development and Preliminary Results

Cited by 308 publications

References 3 publications

Submissive, inhibited, avoidant, and escape motivated: The correlates and consequences of arm-crossing.

Submissive, inhibited, avoidant, and escape motivated: The correlates and consequences of arm-crossing.

A Prospective 4- to 5-Year Study of DSM-III-R Hypochondriasis

Olive Tree community treatment centre for individuals with personality disorder: naturalistic service evaluation

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