The pesticide residue analysis in commodities with high content of chlorophyll based on the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method: A review

Abstract

In multiresidue analysis, the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) is one of the most popular techniques routinely used by researchers during pesticide analysis of food and vegetable samples. Originally, the QuEChERS method was developed for analysis of pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables, but rapidly gained popularity in the extraction of analytes from different matrices. This analytical approach shows several advantages over traditional extraction techniques: it requires lower sample and solvent amounts while shortening the time of sample preparation. However, it presents some limitations for complex matrices such as those containing high amounts of chlorophyll. To overcome the problem of strong matrix effect and influence of interferences, different approaches are applied. Most are concerning modifications of the cleanup step, that is, sorbent type and its amount. Optimization of other parameters, such as sample size, hydration level, extraction solvent, and buffering, also has an impact on overall performance. Combining proper sample preparation with modern highly sensitive and selective detection techniques enables receiving desired limits of quantification. This article presents an overview of strategies employed by researchers for analysis of green, high chlorophyll content commodities and results obtained in their studies.

Current Role of Mass Spectrometry in the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Food

“…Advances in LC-MS and GC-MS instrumentation have contributed to the implementation of multiresidue pesticide methods as they provide higher sensitivity and selectivity. Furthermore, the replacement of classical sample preparation methods with QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) procedures has allowed us to reach the current situation, where hundreds of pesticides can be analyzed simultaneously in a large variety of different samples (Figure 1) [33,34]. Multiresidue or multiclass methods involve both low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) instruments.…”

Assessment of flusilazole residues on apples: Detection, quantification and health risk implications

“…This technique was originally designed to evaluate pesticidal residues in fruits and vegetables, but it quickly acquired acceptance in the extraction of analytes from a variety of substrates. Compared with the typical extraction procedures, this analytical technique has several benefits like requiring smaller samples and less solvent and having a shorter preparation time (Pszczoli nska & Kociołek, 2021;SANTE, 2015). The novel approach shortened the duration for chromatographic analysis by 50% (from 30 to 15 min) by employing a lower mobile phase flow-rate (0.147 ml min À1 ), which lowered the mobile phase consumption by 25%, and injecting smaller volumes of material (1.7 μl) (Ribeiro Begnini Konatu & Sales Fontes Jardim, 2018).…”

Evaluation of supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of pesticide residues in grain

“…For example, SPE is costly and varies in its rates of pesticide recovery from different matrices, SPME involves an easily broken fiber coating, and DSPE is unsuitable for highly polar pesticides. QuEChERS, however, is a mature pre‐treatment technology that synchronizes extraction and purification and has the advantages of being simple, fast, safe, and cheap [5]. It is a flexible, convenient, and rapid method widely used in food analysis, environmental pollution monitoring, and other fields.…”