The Phenolic Compounds, Metabolites, and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis Extracted by Ultrasound‐Assisted Method

Abstract

The influences of ultrasound-assisted, pharmacopeia, and supercritical fluid extraction methods on bioactive compounds and biological activities of propolis were evaluated. Results showed that propolis extracted by ultrasoundassisted method contained more phenolic compounds, and showed the highest total phenolic content (245.84 ± 6.41 mg GAE/g DW), total flavonoids content (198.82 ± 5.74 mg RE/g DW), and stronger in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH·: 1.03 ± 0.04 mmol Trolox/g DW, ABTS+·: 2.19 ± 0.05 mmol Trolox/g DW, and FRAP: 1.48 ± 0.12 mmol FeSO 4 /g DW) than those of pharmacopoeia and supercritical fluid methods. A total of 36 phenolic compounds were identified in propolis. Among them, quercetin, quercetin-3-methyl-ether, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, luteolin-methyl-ether, and quercetin-7-methyl-ether could only be found in ultrasound-assisted and pharmacopoeia methods. Moreover, the phenolic compounds had the similar metabolic pathways in rats and were mainly metabolized by sulfation and glucuronidation pathways. Additionally, ultrasonic-treated propolis have good in vivo antioxidant activity and could repair D-galactoseinduced oxidative damage in rats. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted method could replace pharmacopeia method to be considered as bioactive compounds extraction from propolis, taking into consideration of yield, short extraction time, and high antioxidant activity.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of turkish propolis and characterization of phenolic profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity

“…al, 2019). In a similar to our studies, chrysin was found one of the major phenolic compounds by ultrasound-assisted extraction (Yuan et al, 2019). In their study, pinocembrin, chrysin, and pinobanksin were found as 30.96, 30.56 and 29.97 mg/g respectively.…”

The Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids from Propolis via Nrf2 and NF-κB Pathways

“…Peaks 12 and 18 were identified as 3-O-acetyl-pinobanksin ( m / z = 313.0612) and 3-O-butyryl-pinobanksin ( m / z = 341.0917), respectively, based on fragment ions, molecular ions, and the literature [ 37 ]. From the results and previous data [ 38 ], the main flavonoids of propolis extract were identical to chrysin (30.56 ± 0.60 mg/g DW), pinocembrin (30.96 ± 0.34 mg/g DW), galangin (16.69 ± 0.45 mg/g DW), and pinobanksin (9.56 ± 0.25 mg/g DW; Figure 2 ).…”

Extraction, Antioxidant Capacity, 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibition, and Phytochemical Composition of Propolis from Eastern Canada

“…Following the initial LC-MS/MS method development with the seven standards, an ultrasound-assisted ethanol extract was tested to tentatively identify other precursor ions from other abundant compounds. Based on this analysis and a comparison to several other published lists of propolis components [33][34][35][36][37][38][39], seventeen more standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Mississauga, ON, Canada). All twenty-four standards (including gallic acid) were tested by LC-MS/MS on the quadrupole-Orbitrap and by infusion on a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (LTQ-XL, Thermo-Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA).…”