The Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Requirements and Their Interrelationship for the Young Chick

Sasse, C.; Baker, David H.

doi:10.3382/ps.0511531

Cited by 37 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, the reduction in growth was independent of the SID (Phe + Tyr) level, which indicates that the expected activation of Phe hydroxylase by Phe (Fitzpatrick, 2012) and the subsequent increase in synthesized Tyr from Phe did not lead to higher availability of Tyr for growth. In contrast to our results, Sasse and Baker (1972) determined that Phe was equal in efficacy to Tyr, on a molar basis, to provide Tyr in young chicks. In adult humans, Møller et al (2000) demonstrated that in the postabsorptive state, the kidney is a net contributor of Tyr to the systemic circulation while the liver removes Tyr from the circulation.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…On the basis of the above results, the optimum dietary Tyr level corresponds to 43% of Phe + Tyr on a weight basis, which is higher than that estimated by the NRC (1998, 35%, and 2012, 38%), in agreement with the BSAS (2003, 43%) and lower than the value reported by Robbins and Baker (1977, 49%). In the rat, chicken, dog, and cat, the reported values range from 43% to 50% (Stockland et al, 1971;Sasse and Baker, 1972;Anderson et al, 1980;Milner et al, 1984). This way to express the Tyr requirement supposes that Phe can be substituted to Tyr on a weight basis in the diet to cover the needs for Tyr.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance of piglets in response to the standardized ileal digestible phenylalanine and tyrosine supply in low-protein diets

Gloaguen

Floc'H

Primot³

et al. 2014

Animal

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Reducing the CP level of the diet allows for a reduction in N excretion without limiting performance as long as the amino acid (AA) requirements are covered. The availability of crystalline AA has permitted for a considerable reduction in the CP level of diets, practically used in pig nutrition. The adoption of low CP diets and the extent to which the CP content can be reduced further depends on the knowledge of the minimum levels of indispensable AA that maximize growth. The standardized ileal digestible (SID) Phe : Lys and Tyr : Lys requirements and the possibility to substitute Tyr by Phe have never been studied in piglets. The objectives of this study were to estimate these requirements in 10 to 20 kg pig as well as to determine the extent to which Phe can be used to cover the Tyr requirement. In three dose-response studies, six pigs within each of 14 blocks were assigned to six low CP diets (14.5% CP) sub-limiting in Lys at 1.00% SID. In experiment 1, the SID Phe : Lys requirement estimate was assessed by supplementing a Phe-deficient diet with different levels of L-Phe to attain 33%, 39%, 46%, 52%, 58%, and 65% SID Phe : Lys. Because Phe can be used for Tyr synthesis, the diets provided a sufficient Tyr supply. A similar approach was used in experiment 2 with six levels of L-Tyr supplementation to attain 21%, 27%, 33%, 39%, 45% and 52% SID Tyr : Lys. Phenylalanine was supplied at a level sufficient to sustain maximum growth (estimated in experiment 1). The SID Phe : Lys and SID Tyr : Lys requirements for maximizing daily gain were 54% and 40% using a curvilinear-plateau model, respectively. A 10% deficiency in Phe and Tyr reduced daily gain by 3.0% and 0.7%, respectively. In experiment 3, the effect of the equimolar substitution of dietary SID Tyr by Phe to obtain 50%, 57%, and 64% SID Phe : (Phe + Tyr) was studied at two limiting levels of Phe + Tyr. From 57% to 64% SID Phe : (Phe + Tyr), performance was slightly reduced. In conclusion, it is recommended not to use a Phe + Tyr requirement in the ideal AA profile but rather use a SID Phe : Lys of 54% and a SID Tyr : Lys of 40% to support maximal growth.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of piglets in response to the standardized ileal digestible phenylalanine and tyrosine supply in low-protein diets

Gloaguen

Floc'H

Primot³

et al. 2014

Animal

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“…Our results tend to confirm this. However, that this finding should not be assumed as typical of essential amino acids in general is indicated by similar or even lower gain/feed than gain requirements for tryptophan (Boomgaardt and Baker, 1971), sulfur amino acids at University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh on June 10, 2015 http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ Downloaded from (Boomgaardt, 1972) and aromatic amino acids (Sasse and Baker, 1972). emy of Science, Phi Kappa Phi, Phi Sigma, Poultry Science Association, Sigma Xi, and the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine."…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Lysine Requirement of Growing Chicks Fed Sesame Meal-Gelatin Diets at Three Protein Levels

Boomgaardt

Baker

1973

Poultry Science

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Diets providing three levels of protein (14, 18.5 and 23%) and six levels of lysine (3.43, 3.93, 4.43,4.93, 5.43 and 5.93% of C.P.) were fed to triplicate groups of eight male crossbred chicks for the period 14 to 28 days posthatching. The basal 23% protein ration contained protein from sesame meal and gelatin and was supplemented with quantities of essential amino acids equal to the difference between the level supplied by the dietary protein and that recommended by N.R.C. (1971). Amino acid pattern of the 14 and 18.5% protein diets was similar to that of the 23% protein diet since proteinaceous ingredients and crystalline amino acids were reduced in direct proportion to the reduction in protein level. The lysine requirement for maximal weight gain was estimated to be 4.73,4.72 and 4.60% of the protein at 14, 18.5 and 23% dietary protein, respectively. Expressed as a percent of the diet the requirement values were estimated at 0.66, 0.88 and 1.05% at 14, 18.5 and 23% dietary protein, respectively. The results confirm earlier observations that the requirement for an essential amino acid remains essentially constant as dietary protein level is varied between deficiency and adequacy.

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“…In the Phe + Tyr requirement, approximately 55% are estimated to be provided by Phe (Rostagno et al., 2011). In diets adequate in Phe, but deficient in Tyr, Phe could be equal in efficacy to Tyr in providing the limiting amino acid (Sasse and Baker, 1972), Tyr. Phe deficiency decreases the activity of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase and consequently the levels of Tyr (Lartey and Austic, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of optimal ratios of digestible phenylalanine + tyrosine, histidine, and leucine to digestible lysine for performance and breast yield in broilers

et al. 2017

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Three experiments were carried out to estimate the optimal ratios of digestible phenylalanine + tyrosine (Phe + Tyr), histidine (His), and leucine (Leu) relative to digestible lysine (Lys) for performance and carcass criteria of Cobb-500 broilers from 8 to 17 d of age. In each experiment, 160 male chicks were allocated to a completely randomized experimental design with eight replicate pens, each receiving five dietary treatments. A common, semi-purified basal diet was formulated to meet all dietary recommendations except for those of the tested amino acids (i.e., Phe + Tyr, His, and Leu). Growth performance and carcass characteristics data were analyzed using various requirement-estimation models, including 95% of the quadratic regression, linear response plateau (LRP; i.e., stepwise regression), LRP-to-quadratic regression ratio; and quadratic broken line (QBL). Graded digestible Phe + Tyr ratios elicited a quadratic response (P < 0.05) in body weight gain and linear responses (P < 0.05) in breast and breast fillet weights. Linear effects (P < 0.05) were also observed when graded ratios of digestible His were fed for feed intake and weight gain, and quadratic responses (P < 0.05) were noted for feed conversion ratio and breast and breast fillet weights and yields. Graded Leu ratios elicited quadratic responses (P < 0.05) in feed intake, weight gain, and breast and breast fillet weight and yield. Based on growth and carcass parameters, the estimated ideal digestible ratios of Phe + Tyr, His, and Leu relative to digestible Lys were 112, 38, and 104%, respectively, for broiler chicks raised from 8 to 17 d of age.

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The Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Requirements and Their Interrelationship for the Young Chick

Cited by 37 publications

References 9 publications

Performance of piglets in response to the standardized ileal digestible phenylalanine and tyrosine supply in low-protein diets

Performance of piglets in response to the standardized ileal digestible phenylalanine and tyrosine supply in low-protein diets

The Lysine Requirement of Growing Chicks Fed Sesame Meal-Gelatin Diets at Three Protein Levels

Estimation of optimal ratios of digestible phenylalanine + tyrosine, histidine, and leucine to digestible lysine for performance and breast yield in broilers

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