The Photooxidative Degradation of Polypropylene. Part II. Photostabilization Mechanisms

Carlsson, D. J.; Wiles, D. M.

doi:10.1080/15321797608065768

Cited by 105 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…In this section, we focus on degradation pathways for PE, PET, and PLA due to the high relative number of studies of these plastics described later in this Perspective. Degradation mechanisms for other commodity plastics (including polyvinyl chloride (PVC), , polypropylen (PP), − and polystyrene (PS) , ) have been reviewed elsewhere…”

Section: Abiotic Degradation Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment

Chamas

Moon

Zheng

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

2,111

1,058

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Plastic waste is currently generated at a rate approaching 400 Mt year–1. The amount of plastics accumulating in the environment is growing rapidly, yet our understanding of its persistence is very limited. This Perspective summarizes the existing literature on environmental degradation rates and pathways for the major types of thermoplastic polymers. A metric to harmonize disparate types of measurements, the specific surface degradation rate (SSDR), is implemented and used to extrapolate half-lives. SSDR values cover a very wide range, with some of the variability arising due to degradation studies conducted in different natural environments. SSDRs for high density polyethylene (HDPE) in the marine environment range from practically 0 to approximately 11 μm year–1. This approach yields a number of interesting insights. Using a mean SSDR for HDPE in the marine environment, linear extrapolation leads to estimated half-lives ranging from 58 years (bottles) to 1200 years (pipes). For example, SSDRs for HDPE and polylactic acid (PLA) are surprisingly similar in the marine environment, although PLA degrades approximately 20 times faster than HDPE on land. Our study highlights the need for better experimental studies under well-defined reaction conditions, standardized reporting of rates, and methods to simulate polymer degradation using.

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Section: Abiotic Degradation Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment

Chamas

Moon

Zheng

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

2,111

1,058

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Polymers are widely used as matrix materials in optical chemical sensors and perform the function of a solvent and a support for an indicator dye and a permeation-selective membrane, which helps to tune the sensitivity to the analyte of interest and to minimize potential interference from other species. − Polymers undergo photodegradation processes that have been investigated in detail since the 1960s. − It is now generally accepted that most photodegradation processes in polymers proceed through photoinitiated radical chain reactions that generate reactive radical species such as hydroperoxides . Although singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) may not directly initiate photodegradation chain reactions in polymers, it certainly enhances various processes contributing to photodegradation. ,, When applied as matrix materials in optical chemical sensors, polymers may not only react with embedded dyes acting, e.g., as oxidants but also be exposed to much higher 1 O 2 levels because most dyes act as sensitizers of singlet oxygen, albeit with rather different efficiencies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Singlet Oxygen-Induced Photodegradation of the Polymers and Dyes in Optical Sensing Materials and the Effect of Stabilizers on These Processes

et al. 2013

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A comprehensive study of photodegradation processes in optical sensing materials caused by photosensitized singlet oxygen in different polymers is presented. The stabilities of the polymers are accessed in the oxygen consumption measurements performed with help of optical oxygen sensors. Polystyrene and poly(phenylsilesquioxane) are found to be the most stable among the polymers investigated, whereas poly(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide) and particularly poly(methyl methacrylate) and their derivatives show the fastest oxygen consumption. The effect of the stabilizers (singlet oxygen quenchers) on the oxygen consumption rates, the photostability of the sensitizer, and the total photon emission (TPE) by singlet oxygen is studied. 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) was found to significantly reduce both the TPE and the oxygen consumption rates, indicating its role as a physical quencher of singlet oxygen. The addition of DABCO also significantly improved the photostability of the sensitizer. The N-alkylated derivative of DABCO and DABCO covalently grafted to the polystyrene backbone are prepared in an attempt to overcome the volatility and water solubility of the quencher. These derivatives as well as other tertiary amines investigated were found to be inefficient as stabilizing agents, and some of them even negatively affected the oxygen consumption rates.

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“…The potential significance of these species has been discussed at length in the literature (see eg, Refs. 112,130,and 131).…”

Section: Photodegradation and Photo-oxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%