The physiological problems of fish in acid waters

Wood, Christopher

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511983344.010

Cited by 149 publications

(139 citation statements)

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“…This preliminary study suggests that Gammarus fossarum exposed to low pH, low calcium and high aluminum concentrations suffered from ionregulatory and respiratory failure. Loss of extracellular ions (i.e., Na + and Cl -) has been recognized as a major response in fish to acidic stress (Wood 1989). With respect to invertebrate organisms, similar responses have been reported in crayfish (McMahon & Stuart 1989, Jensen & Malte 1990) and molluscs (Pynnönen 1991).…”

mentioning

confidence: 65%

Hyperventilation and loss of hemolymph Na+ and Cl- in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum exposed to acid stress: a preliminary study

Felten¹,

Guérold

2001

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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mentioning

confidence: 65%

Hyperventilation and loss of hemolymph Na+ and Cl- in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum exposed to acid stress: a preliminary study

Felten¹,

Guérold

2001

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…This is in contrast to most T a b l e IL Nucleotides (means ± s .d .) in white muscle and liv e r of tilapia groups sampled at 3 , 1 7 and 37 days after exposure to pH 4*0; control groups (pH 7-6) were sampled at the same time studies which report a general impairment of the physiology of fish by water acidification (Fromm, 1980;McDonald, 1983;Wood, 1989). An explanation for this discrepancy has been given recently by Balm & Pöttinger (1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tilapia are able to withstand long‐term exposure to low environmental pH, judged by their energy status, ionic balance and plasma cortisol

Ginneken

Eersel

Balm

et al. 1997

Journal of Fish Biology

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Tilapia Oraochromis mossambicus were exposed to water at pH 4-0 for 37 days. The water was acidified slowly over 6 h enabling the animals to acclimate and preventing damage of the gill epithelium. Additional stressors, e.g. aluminium ions and handling stress, were avoided. No mortality or decreased food consumption was observed during the exposure period. No significant changes were observed between the control and acid exposed groups for the energy rich compounds and related parameters, i.e. Lhe adenylate energy charge, the pool of tota! adenine nucleotides, and the IMP load of white muscle and liver, indicating maintenance of homeostasis. Moreover, there were no significant differences between control groups and acidified groups at 3, 17 and 37 days for plasma sodium, chloride, cortisol and glucose, implying that ionic balance was maintained and that there was no activation of the pituitaryinterrenal axis. It is concluded that tilapia can acclimate to water at pH 4*0 when the acidification rate is slow and additional stressors are avoided. (Ç) 1997 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles

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“…Dilution of plasma ions also occurs during various life stages of anadromous salmon (Miles 1971, Stuart & Morris 1985, but the changes are not fatal. In light of this apparent contradiction, it has been proposed recently (Wood 1988) that naturally-occuning seasonal blood electrolyte disturbances of salmonids may take longer to develop, and thus are unlikely to be as traumatic to the fish. Wood suggests that the faster rate of ion loss in trout experiencing acid-stress in soft water is the factor triggering the haematological disturbances that lead to death.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood chemistry of bacterial gill disease in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis

Byrne¹,

Ferguson²,

Lumsden³

et al. 1991

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Blood chemistry was examined in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis suffering from bacterial gdl disease (BGD) and compared to normal healthy fish under identical conditions. Infected fish showed a marked decrease in serum Na+, Cl-and in osmolality, and a concommitant haemoconcentration as indicated by the increased serum protein and increased packed cell volume. Fish with BGD exhibited an mcreased rate of respiration (tachybranchia) but were not hypoxemic, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms, such as tachybranchia and enhanced recruitment of lamellar reserves, were successful. Nevertheless, the cause of the tachybranchia in BGD-infected fish remains unexplained; it may not be a response to impaired oxygen exchange, although this seems the most likely explanation. The acid-base status did not differ between healthy and diseased fish. These findings suggest that changes in blood components other than acid-base ones constitute the critical, and sometimes fatal changes occurring as a result of BGD infection, rather than hypoxemia. It is suggested that circulatory disturbances resulted from the rapid drop of blood electrolytes, which in turn triggered a fluid shift from the extracellular to the intracellular compartments, leading to haemoconcentration and death. However caused, tachybranchia probably exacerbated the worsening blood chemistry changes resulting from damaged gill epithelium. The implications of these findings for treatment include reducing the rate of ion loss from the gills by raising the salt levels in the water, combined with other chemicals directed specifically at the bacteria.

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The physiological problems of fish in acid waters

Cited by 149 publications

References 0 publications

Hyperventilation and loss of hemolymph Na+ and Cl- in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum exposed to acid stress: a preliminary study

Hyperventilation and loss of hemolymph Na+ and Cl- in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum exposed to acid stress: a preliminary study

Tilapia are able to withstand long‐term exposure to low environmental pH, judged by their energy status, ionic balance and plasma cortisol

Blood chemistry of bacterial gill disease in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis

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