The Pitch Canker Epidemic in California

Gordon, Thomas R.; Storer, Andrew J.; Wood, David L.

doi:10.1094/pdis.2001.85.11.1128

Cited by 158 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, in severe cases, mortality in P. elliottii stands can reach levels of 25% with up to 98% of all trees showing some signs of infection (Blakeslee and Oak 1980). Gordon et al (2001) have also reported a 98% infection rate in P. radiata where, owing to the susceptibility of the species, more trees would be expected to die. If the disease manifests itself as a serious problem in plantations in South Africa, losses are likely to be of a similar magnitude in the infected areas.…”

Section: Economic Impactmentioning

confidence: 98%

The pitch canker fungus,Fusarium circinatum: implications for South African forestry

Mitchell

Steenkamp

Coutinho

et al. 2011

Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science

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Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker of mature pines and root/collar rot of pine seedlings/cuttings, has resulted in large-scale losses to pine forestry in various parts of the world. The disease caused by this fungus is now regarded as one of the most important threats to pine plantations by a pathogen. Fusarium circinatum was first discovered in South Africa in 1990 where it infected Pinus patula seedlings in a nursery. Subsequently, the pathogen spread to pine nurseries in all other parts of the country, where it affects several Pinus species. Fusarium circinatum then appeared in the field where it has resulted in large-scale mortality of mostly young P. patula seedlings after planting. Pitch canker first appeared on mature P. radiata in 2006 and sporadic outbreaks of the disease have occurred subsequently on this species and on P. greggii in the western, southern and north-eastern Cape. Pinus patula is the most important softwood species grown in South Africa, comprising 50% of all softwoods planted, and is highly susceptible to F. circinatum. The pathogen, therefore, poses a potentially devastating threat to the future sustainability of the South African softwood industry. Strategic measures to minimise further spread are urgently needed. This review presents an overview of the impact that F. circinatum has had on South African forestry, and it considers the long-term prospects for pine forestry in the country as this relates to the presence of the pitch canker fungus.

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Section: Economic Impactmentioning

confidence: 98%

The pitch canker fungus,Fusarium circinatum: implications for South African forestry

Mitchell

Steenkamp

Coutinho

et al. 2011

Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science

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“…Prior to the intervention of humans, natural barriers such as the Rocky Mountains and the arid south-western US may have resticted D. pinea to eastern US, as appears to have been the case for F. circinatum (Gordon, Storer & Wood 2001). Likewise, D. pinea may not be a native to Mexico, which would be consistent with the fact that the native Mexican pine, P. patula is very susceptible to die-back caused by D. pinea (Gibson 1979, Zwolinski et al 1990.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Geographic isolation of Diplodia scrobiculata and its association with native Pinus radiata

Burgess

Gordon

Wingfield³

et al. 2004

Mycological Research

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Diplodia pinea (syn. Sphaeropsis sapinea) is a well-known latent pathogen of Pinus spp. with a worldwide distribution. As such, this fungus is native where pines are endemic in the northern hemisphere and it has been introduced into all countries of the Southern Hemisphere where pines are exotic. The newly described D. scrobiculata (formerly known as the B morphotype of D. pinea) is thought to have a much more limited distribution. D. scrobiculata was first reported as an endophyte and weak pathogen of P. banksiana, where it was found to coexist with D. pinea. Diplodia scrobiculata is now known to have a much broader distribution in Northern America and Europe. In this study, seven Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers were used to evaluate genetic diversity and gene flow between populations of D. scrobiculata. Results indicate a strong geographic isolation between populations of D. scrobiculata from different regions in North America, with unique alleles fixed in the different populations. The data fits the isolation by distance model indicating limited dispersal. Geographic isolation in combination with isolation by distance suggests prolonged reproductive isolation. Intensive collections of endophytes from native P. radiata in California have yielded only D. scrobiculata and not the significantly more pathogenic D. pinea. SSR analysis of three populations of D. scrobiculata from native P. radiata identified many shared alleles among the populations and moderate to high gene flow between them. The three Californian populations are distant and distinct from populations of D. scrobiculata from elsewhere. Under stress conditions, P. radiata is known to be very susceptible to D. pinea in plantations in the Southern Hemisphere. Native P. radiata is currently experiencing severe stress due to pitch canker caused by Fusarium circinatum. Such stress would provide ideal conditions for an associated outbreak of D. pinea. Thus, it is critical to prevent the movement of D. pinea into the last remaining native stands of P. radiata.

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“…A few studies on variation in virulence of the pitch canker fungus have been reported (Gordon et al, 2001;Hodge and Dvorak, 2007;Perez-Sierra et al, 2007), and the variation could result from introduction of new strains, recombination by out-crossing, or mutation. Virulence of seven isolates of F. circinatum from seeds, seedlings, and mature trees of four pine species has been evaluated in northern Spain, and all isolates were pathogenic and the virulence was significantly different within each species (Perez-Sierra et al, 2007).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini; telemorph: Giberella circinatum Nirenberg & O'Donnell) distributed in different parts of the world (Correll et al, 1991;Dwinell et al, 1985;Gordon et al, 2001;Nirenberg and O'Donnell, 1998). Advanced symptoms of the disease result in crown dieback and resinous cankers on branches and main stems (Storer et al 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Advanced symptoms of the disease result in crown dieback and resinous cankers on branches and main stems (Storer et al 2002). Pitch canker was first reported in 1946 on Pinus virginiana in North Carolina, USA (Hepting and Roth, 1946), and it later appeared on Pinus elliottii in Florida, Pinus taeda in Mississippi, and on Pinus radiata in California where it has caused a significant epidemic in its native range (Dwinell and Phelps, 1977;Gordon et al, 2001;Storer et al, 1997). The pathogen is also found in Japan (Kobayashi and Muramoto, 1989), South Africa (Viljoen et al, 1994), Mexico (Guerra-Santos, 1999), South Korea (Lee et al, 2000), Chile (Wingfield et al, 2002), Spain (Landeras et al, 2005), and was recently reported from Italy (Carlucci et al, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Pathogenic Variation against Pitch Canker Pathogen, Fusarium circinatum in Pinus thunbergii and Responses of Natural Selection Pinus × rigitaeda to Branch Inoculation in a Seed Orchard

Woo¹,

Yoon²,

Han³

et al. 2010

The Plant Pathology Journal

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A half-sib family of two 4-year-old seedlings of Pinus × rigitaeda was inoculated with each of 20 Pinus thunbergii isolates of Fusarium circinatum (syn. Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini) from two pitch canker damaged sites in Jeju Island, South Korea. Initial symptoms of needle damages were visible on most of the seedlings at 18 days after inoculation. The 20 tested isolates were not significantly different in virulence, based on lesion lengths at the site of inoculation (P = 0.217). The most virulent isolate FT-7 showed the longest lesion length. Some seedlings began to die 46 days after inoculation. All seedlings were dead by 68 days after inoculation except two seedlings inoculated with each of isolates FS-2 and FS-13, respectively. Using the FT-7, 38-year-old 11 P. × rigitaeda trees, which were survived from a seed orchard severely damaged by pitch canker, were inoculated on branches in the seed orchard in Jeju Island to assess differences in susceptibility to pitch canker. The 11 trees differed significantly (P < 0.001) in susceptibility to F. circinatum based on average lesion lengths measured 56 days after inoculation. It is possible that induced resistance contributed to their capacity to limit lesion development. The susceptibility of natural selection P. × rigitaeda trees are more likely affected by interaction with F. circinatum rather than environmental conditions.

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The Pitch Canker Epidemic in California

Cited by 158 publications

References 29 publications

The pitch canker fungus,Fusarium circinatum: implications for South African forestry

The pitch canker fungus,Fusarium circinatum: implications for South African forestry

Geographic isolation of Diplodia scrobiculata and its association with native Pinus radiata

Assessment of Pathogenic Variation against Pitch Canker Pathogen, Fusarium circinatum in Pinus thunbergii and Responses of Natural Selection Pinus × rigitaeda to Branch Inoculation in a Seed Orchard

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