The Plant Cellular Systems for Plant Virus Movement

Abstract

Plasmodesmata (PDs) are specialized intercellular channels that facilitate the exchange of various molecules, including sugars, ribonucleoprotein complexes, transcription factors, and mRNA. Their diameters, estimated to be 2.5 nm in the neck region, are too small to transfer viruses or viral genomes. Tobacco mosaic virus and Potexviruses are the most extensively studied viruses. In viruses, the movement protein (MP) is responsible for the PD gating that allows the intercellular movement of viral genomes. Various host factors interact with MP to regulate complicated mechanisms related to PD gating. Virus replication and assembly occur in viral replication complex (VRC) with membrane association, especially in the endoplasmic reticulum. VRC have a highly organized structure and are highly regulated by interactions among the various host factors, proteins encoded by the viral genome, and the viral genome. Virus trafficking requires host machineries, such as the cytoskeleton and the secretory systems. MP facilitates the virus replication and movement process. Despite the current level of understanding of virus movement, there are still many unknown and complex interactions between virus replication and virus movement. While numerous studies have been conducted to understand plant viruses with regards to cell-to-cell movement and replication, there are still many knowledge gaps. To study these interactions, adequate research tools must be used such as molecular, and biochemical techniques. Without such tools, virologists will not be able to gain an accurate or detailed understanding of the virus infection process.

Dissecting interplays between Vitis vinifera L. and grapevine virus B (GVB) under field conditions

“…In addition, this system is strongly influenced by the plant sanitary status, as microbial pathogens (mainly fungi and bacteria), by using the nutrient‐rich apoplast niche (sugars and metabolites), have evolved several strategies to proliferate and successfully infect the host (Toruno et al., ). The host plant is able to perceive the phloem‐inhabiting pathogens adopting a series of defence strategies to restrict them to the sieve elements, for example by depositing callose at plasmodesmata, as reported for phytoplasmas (Santi et al., ) and viruses (Hong and Ju, ). Nevertheless, some viruses are able to elude these defence mechanisms by inducing callose degradation to open the plasmodesmata and promote virus spread and symptom development (Bucher et al., ).…”

Soybean Endo-1,3-Beta-Glucanase (GmGLU) Interaction With Soybean mosaic virus-Encoded P3 Protein May Contribute to the Intercelluar Movement

“…Since viruses lack their own reproduction system, they achieve systemic infection by interacting with host proteins by taking advantage of the host’s cellular mechanisms for replication and intracellular/intercellular movement ( Gergerich and Dolja, 2006 ) . If the virus loses the ability to move, infection will be limited to an initial infection site or infected organ ( Hong and Ju, 2017 ).…”

Analysis of DNAs associated with coconut foliar decay disease implicates a unique single-stranded DNA virus representing a new taxon

“…Plant viruses encode movement proteins to mediate their movement across plasmodesmata, for a review see 49 . ssDNA plant viruses also encode movement proteins, yet there are recent examples of grass-associated ssDNA viruses devoid of distinct movement proteins 50 .…”