The Polish Crisis: Internal and International Dimensions

Paczkowski, Andrzej; Byrne, Malcolm

doi:10.1515/9786155211157-005

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“…Solidarity’s success would have not been possible, however, without an extraordinarily advantageous (open) political opportunity structure. In 1980–81, the Soviets, weakened by the failing military intervention in Afghanistan, warned by the US President Carter, reassured by the Polish authorities of their ability to control the situation, and fearful of the expected fierceness of Polish resistance, gave up the idea of intervention (Paczkowski and Byrne 2007; Paczkowski 1998, 418; Modzelewski 2013, 286–7; Garthoff 1998). 15 In 1988–89, the Soviet Communist Party had a new Secretary General, open to cultural ( glasnost ) and political ( perestroika ) experimentation, who eventually rejected the Brezhnev Doctrine.…”

Section: Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Authoritarian Learning: Prospects for Democratization in Belarus Based on a Study of Polish Solidarity

Kulakevich

Kubı́k

2022

Nationalities Papers

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This article examines the anti-Lukashenka protest movement in Belarus by comparing it to the Solidarity movement in Poland. We organize our analysis around the concept of four stages identifiable in the development of social movements: emergence, coalescence, bureaucratization, and decline. We argue that protests in Belarus reached the bureaucratization stage, but their transformation into a more durable movement was slowed down by the brutal repressions unleashed by the Lukashenka regime propped up by Putin’s Russia. However, the spectacular changes in people’s conceptions of national identity built around symbols different from those associated with the officialdom may sustain emotional mobilization necessary for formation of higher levels of organizations in the oppressive context of today’s Belarus. The contours of this process are brought into sharp relief when compared with the long, cumulative trajectory of the 1956-89 anti-authoritarian Polish revolts. This opens the way for cautious prognostication.

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Section: Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%