The “polyploid effect” in the breeding of aromatic and medicinal species

Induction of Synthetic Polyploids and Assessment of Genomic Stability in Lippia alba

“…The synthetic polyploids showed the same profile observed for the natural polyploids (Viccini et al, 2014). The analysis of the metabolism of autopolyploid plants suggests that polyploidy may cause both qualitative and quantitative changes in the essential oil, due to changes in the mechanisms that regulate its biosynthesis (Fasano et al, 2016;Iannicelli et al, 2020). Vieira et al (2016) suggested that synthesis of citral, geraniol and other compounds prevailed in diploids, while non-oxygenated monoterpenes were the major ones in polyploids of Citrus limonia.…”

“…Codd (Lamiaceae), a close related family of Verbenaceae. The metabolic activity may be increased due to alteration of gene expression or changes in the concentration of the secondary metabolites (Fasano et al, 2016;Iannicelli et al, 2020). Evidence of the genetic duplication affecting metabolic profiles of different plant species has been widely reported (Caruso et al, 2011;Dehghan et al, 2012;Trojak-Goluch and Skomra, 2013;Gomes et al, 2014;Xu et al, 2014;Tavan et al, 2015;Iannicelli et al, 2016) which reinforces the application of genome duplication protocols for manipulating the biosynthesis of compounds of economic interest.…”

Diploid vs. tetraploid Centaurium erythraea Rafn: A comparative study of regenerative in vitro potential and biosynthetic capacity

“…Furthermore, non-targeted and targeted metabolic profiling of mature leaves from three doubled diploids of citrus and their diploid controls showed that primary metabolism takes priority over specialized metabolism in doubled diploid plants, since the levels of primary metabolites tended to increase and the levels of secondary metabolites tended to decrease (Tan et al, 2017). As can be observed, there is a lack of linearity between the increase in genetic material (ploidy level) and the production rate of specialized metabolites in different medicinal and aromatic plants (Iannicelli et al, 2020). Changes in the metabolic profile of autopolyploids were interpreted as being the result of an alteration in the mechanism(s) regulating the biosynthesis of individual compounds (Fasano et al, 2016).…”

Autotetraploid Coffea canephora and Auto-Alloctaploid Coffea arabica From In Vitro Chromosome Set Doubling: New Germplasms for Coffea

“…As a result of "omic" changes (genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic), polyploids may exhibit new physiological, morphological and reproductive phenotypes and/or traits (Sattler et al, 2016;Li et al, 2019;Iannicelli et al, 2020). Because of this, polyploidy has been considered an important trigger in plant diversification and evolution (Soltis et al, 2009;Iannicelli et al, 2020), including the saltational speciation (Mallet, 2007;Iannicelli et al, 2020).…”

“…The impact of natural polyploidy on plant diversity and evolution, but also in worldwide economy and breeding programs, have inspired several research groups to establish different strategies for synthetic polyploidization through chromosome set doubling (CSD). In an agronomic scenario, the ex vitro and in vitro procedures to induce synthetic polyploidy lead to new and/or improved germplasms, enhancing the breeding programs of crop, ornamental, medicinal and forest species (Dhooghe et al, 2011;Sattler et al, 2016;Iannicelli et al, 2020). Synthetic polyploids have been obtained mainly from CSD in in vitro environments following Murashige and Nakano (1966), under controlled physical and chemical conditions.…”