The Possibility of Using the Fresh Water Bivalve, Spathopsis Rubens, in The Nile River, El Mahmoudia Water Stream as Bioindicator For Pollution

Abstract

Bivalves are used as bioindicators of heavy metals pollution because they are known to concentrate these elements, providing a time integrated indication of environmental contamination. Trace metals can reach high concentrations in sediments and also in aquatic organisms by bioaccumulation through the food chain. Six heavy metals (Hg, Zn, Pb, Fe, Mg and Cu) were collected and investigated from Abu Hummus, El Behara. The concentration of Hg was high in winter as 2.3µg/g in sediment. The Zn concentration was high in summer in sediment as 8.1µg/g. The Pb concentration was high in winter in water as 3.3µg/l. The concentration of Fe in sediment was high in summer as 492 µg/g. The concentration of Mg was high in sediment as 408µg/g. The concentration of Cu was high in summer in sediment as 301µg/g. The mean concentrations of Fe in the present study are within the permissible limits of law 48/1982 (<1 mg/l) and the guideline of (WHO, 1993) which is <1 mg/l. The mean concentration level of copper is within the permissible limits of law 48/1982 (<1.0 mg/l). The mean levels of the heavy metals (Hg, Zn, Pb, Fe, Mg and Cu) detected in the present study in the water stream are less than the permissible limits recommended by (USEPA, 2005). In the present study there is a significance between all seasons in the protein content in the soft tissue of Spathopsisrubensas the mean concentration level in Spring was reported as 102.83mg/g which is higher then that of autumn 100.5mg/g, summer 93.33 mg/g and winter 80.50 mg/g. In the present study the mean activity level of GPx in spring was higher than the other seasons such as spring 31.33u/g ˃ summer 28.33 u/g ˃Autumn 26.67 u/g ˃ winter 20.50u/g. The mean activity level of SOD in summer was higher than the other seasons such as summer 38.83 u/g ˃ spring 33.33 U /g ˃Autumn 28.83U/g ˃ winter 22.83U/g. The mean activity level of CAT in spring was higher than the other seasons such as spring 25.67u/g ˃ summer and autumn19.83u/g ˃ winter 15.17u/g. The mean activity level of MDA in winter was 30.50 U/g ˃ summer 22.50U/g ˃ autumn 18.0 U/g ˃ spring 16.83U/g. In the present study it was found that the mean activity level of MDA increased in winter at the same time the mean activity level of CAT, SOD and GPx were decreased in winter. Negative correlation was reported between CAT and Hg in winter as r=-0.88*. A positive correlation coefficient in winter was found between SOD activity level and CAT activity level as r=0.838*.

Study of Organic Pollutants in the Muscles of fish Collected from El-Mahmodia Stream at El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt

“…Most of the organic pollutants detected at the peaks in GC-MS knowledge analysis were known as endocrine disrupting phthalate esters, fatty acids, phenolic resin acids, carcinogens, and aquatic toxicants [25]. [26,27,28], [4,5,6]. Phthalates are reportable to cause endocrine disruption in humans and animals upon long run exposure [29,25].…”

“…The standard of river water worsened greatly within the past few years [12]. The main pollution sources of river and main canals are effluents from agricultural drains and treated or part treated industrial and municipal waste waters, as well as oil like monounsaturated fatty acid and wastes from traveler and watercourse boats [30,2,3,4,31,6].…”

“…The water contains dissolved salts that washed from agricultural lands also as residues of pesticides and fertilizers, at the tip these pesticides collected in EL-Mahmodia stream water [12,2,3,4,5,6]. In El-Mahmodia stream there is quantity of organochlorine pesticides detected within the stream water samples like Dieldrin [32], As DDD detected in stream water samples.…”

“…to different sources of pollution that have an effect on its biological characteristics as industrial, agricultural, and municipal wastes [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Organochlorine pesticides are washed into the aquatic system by water runoff and eroding.…”

“…Sixteen organochlorine pesticides were detected within the drains and to less degree in canals [15]. The environmental pollution has a direct and indirect impact on natural resources, human activities [16][17][18].The unregulated application of pesticides will cause adverse effects to human health and to the ecosystems [19], [2,3,4,5,6].…”