The potential effects of antioxidant feed additives in mitigating the adverse effects of corn naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on antioxidant systems in the intestinal mucosa, plasma, and liver in weaned pigs

Abstract

Seventy-two piglets (6.0 kg BW) were randomly distributed within six different dietary treatments to evaluate the effect of deoxynivalenol (DON) and the potential of four antioxidant feed additives in mitigating the adverse effects of DON on growth performances and oxidative status. Dietary treatments were as follows: control diet 0.8 mg/kg DON; contaminated diet (DON-contaminated diet) 3.1 mg/kg DON; and four contaminated diets, each supplemented with a different antioxidant feed additive, DON + vitamins, DON + organic selenium (Se)/glutathione (GSH), DON + quercetin, and DON + COMB (vitamins + Se/GSH + quercetin from the other treatments). Although DON was the main mycotoxin in the contaminated diet, this diet also contained 1.8 mg/kg of zearalenone (ZEN). The "mycotoxin" effects therefore included the combined effect of these two mycotoxins, DON, and ZEN. The DON-ZEN ingestion did not affect growth performances, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (G:F ratio), but partially induced oxidative stress in weaned pigs as shown by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in liver (P < 0.05). However, no change in the activity of other antioxidant enzymes or GSH concentrations was observed in plasma and liver of piglets fed the DON-contaminated diet (P > 0.05). Supplementation with individual antioxidant feed additive had a limited effect in weaned pigs fed DON-ZEN-contaminated diets. Combination of antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, quercetin, and organic Se/GSH) reduced plasma and liver MDA content and SOD activity in liver (P < 0.05) of piglets fed DON-ZEN-contaminated diets. Furthermore, this combination also reduced MDA content in the ileum (P < 0.05), although activity of glutathione peroxidases (GPx), SOD or catalase (CAT) in the ileum was not affected by DON-ZEN contamination or antioxidant supplements. In conclusion, DON-ZEN contamination induced oxidative stress in weaned pigs and combination of antioxidant feed additives restored partially the oxidative status. Further studies will be necessary to assess whether the effects of antioxidant feed additives on oxidative status are specific when feed is contaminated with DON-ZEN.

Montmorillonite improved the intestinal mucosal barrier functions of laying hens in late production

“…In the present study, supplementation with 0.3-1.2 g/kg of MMT did not appear to influence T-SOD activity in the jejunal or ileal mucosa, but jejunal T-AOC of the group fed 0.3 g MMT/kg increased significantly. These findings were similar to those ofThanh et al (2016), who reported that adding aluminosilicate adsorbent to DON-contaminated diets had shown no significant increases in the activity of SOD and T-AOC in the intestine of piglets, but improved GSH-Px activity of the ileal mucosa. As one of the most important terminal products of lipid peroxidation, MDA is commonly used for monitoring lipid oxidation…”

“…centration in the ileum. This result was similar to the finding ofThanh et al (2016). When the intestinal endotoxin is absorbed by MMT, its bioavailability reduces greatly.…”

Chronic Exposure to the Fusarium Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol: Impact on Performance, Immune Organ, and Intestinal Integrity of Slow-Growing Chickens

“…An expanding amount of literature has shown that co-contamination of multiple mycotoxins in cereals is more likely to occur than a single mycotoxicosis, especially as DON and ZEA can both originate from the Fusarium species under similar conditions [ 44 , 45 ]. Moreover, a higher toxicological risk due to synergistic and additive interactions between multiple mycotoxins has become highly noticeable, especially in mice and pigs [ 46 , 47 ]. On the contrary, toxicological synergism between DON and ZEA were rarely observed in poultry studies, as it seemed that even high dietary concentrations were not enough to cause detrimental effects on performance or reproduction [ 32 , 48 , 49 ].…”

Gender and geographical variability in the exposure pattern and metabolism of deoxynivalenol in humans: a review

“…Van Le Thanh et al . () showed that quercetin could reduce liver malondialdehyde content in pigs (Van Le Thanh et al ., ). Naringenin is a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavanone, which is a type of flavonoid, which is considered to have a bioactive effect on human health as an https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_scavenger, an anti‐inflammatory agent, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism promoter, and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system modulator.…”