The potential supply risk of vanadium for the renewable energy transition in Germany

Ciotola, Angela; Fuss, Maryegli; Colombo, Simone; Poganietz, Witold‐Roger

doi:10.1016/j.est.2020.102094

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“… Decision theory Institutional economics 4. Analysis of raw material availability (rare earth) for electro mobility [ 67 ] Simulation (Bayesian algorithm) Environmental science Core II: “CO 2 price component for fossil fuels” 5. Impact of user cost increase for conventional vehicles of 2% p.a.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Integrated Policy Package Assessment approach: elaborating ex ante knowledge in the field of urban mobility

et al. 2022

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Background In response to climate change challenges, a main policy emphasis is on transitioning the energy system from high- to low-carbon energy supply. The German energy transition is first and foremost based on political decisions and interventions. These decisions need to be assessed ex ante to ensure a good governance approach to energy policies, for which this paper introduces the Integrated Policy Package Assessment approach (IPPA). IPPA consists of four steps: design, assessment, evaluation and discourse. Results The results section illustrates the IPPA framework by applying it to urban passenger transport as an example case. First, the design phase was used to elaborate two complementary policy packages each consisting of several policy measures in the transformation pathways of “multi- and inter-modality”, and “alternative drive”. Second, the individual measures of the packages were impact-analysed by a large number of individual impact studies from various disciplines. Synthesizing the individual study results, we developed an impact assessment matrix for impact evaluation. The matrix covers the impact categories: technology development, sector integration, environment, social resonance, and institutional factors. In a further step, the key findings of the impact assessment were reflected and reviewed from the perspectives of various stakeholders and practice experts through a practice–science dialogue on transforming the urban passenger transport system. Conclusions The discussion and conclusion sections outline the main findings relating to content and process aspects, when applying the IPPA framework to a policy package in urban transport.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Integrated Policy Package Assessment approach: elaborating ex ante knowledge in the field of urban mobility

et al. 2022

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“…Vanadium production is concentrated in China (62%), Russia (21%), South Africa (10%), and Brazil (7%), where the parenthetical percentages represent each country's proportion of global vanadium production [53]. With so few countries dictating the production, the global vanadium market has experienced strong price volatility in response to local changes (see Figure 1) [47], and this uncertainty increases risk for investments in large-scale and capitalintensive VRFB systems to attract investment. Like many other energy-relevant minerals, this geographic concentration of production necessitates dependence on global supply chains.…”

Section: Current Landscape Of the Global Vanadium Supply Chainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Supply chain studies have provided useful, research-driving insights for related technologies such as LIBs (e.g., concerns with the cobalt supply chain [41] have motivated research into alternative chemistries that minimize or avoid its use [42]). Such analyses have been lacking in the RFB field; while some recent studies have explored the vanadium supply chain, these have focused on the environmental, health, and safety considerations of vanadium production and VRFB operation [43][44][45][46][47][48]. Here, we focus on the production scale and growth rates needed to deploy sizable amounts of VRFB storage and examine opportunities to expand and stabilize the vanadium supply chain via the development of various supply streams and employment of economic hedging strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Materials availability and supply chain considerations for vanadium in grid-scale redox flow batteries

Rodby

Jaffe

Olivetti

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising electrochemical storage solution for power sector decarbonization, particularly emerging long-duration needs. While the battery architecture can host many different redox chemistries, the vanadium RFB (VRFB) represents the current state-of-the-art due to its favorable combination of performance and longevity. However, the relatively high and volatile price of vanadium has hindered VRFB financing and deployment opportunities. Here we evaluate the vanadium supply chain to understand how it enables or constrains VRFB advancement and assess opportunities for accelerated growth. We find that – while vanadium may not be scarce – its abundance is confounded by highly concentrated production coupled with the disperse nature of sources suitable for potential supply increase. These factors challenge rapid growth, limiting deployment rate and magnitude. We estimate gigawatt-hour deployment scales are feasible over the next decade, which would represent marked expansion of the RFB industry and drive down system costs substantially, though this would require growth rates above historical averages. Accordingly, we review opportunities to accelerate supply chain growth and economic strategies to stabilize the market. Finally, we posit terawatt-hour deployment scales will be challenged by vanadium market conditions and, even, resource availability, motivating the continued efforts developing next-generation RFB chemistries.

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“…Despite the high prices of membranes, their contribution to the capital cost of VRFB is lower than electrolytes by up to 37% versus 50%, respectively [ 10 ]. This is due to a very volatile and high price of vanadium determined by different resource constraints [ 11 ]. For this and other reasons, various alternative electrolytes are being considered for use in redox flow batteries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixture of Anthraquinone Sulfo-Derivatives as an Inexpensive Organic Flow Battery Negolyte: Optimization of Battery Cell

et al. 2022

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Anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid (2,7-AQDS) is a promising organic compound, which is considered as a negolyte for redox flow batteries as well as for other applications. In this work we carried out a well-known reaction of anthraquinone sulfonation to synthesize 2,7-AQDS in mixture with other sulfo-derivatives, namely 2,6-AQDS and 2-AQS. Redox behavior of this mixture was evaluated with cyclic voltammetry and was almost identical to 2,7-AQDS. Mixture was then assessed as a potential negolyte of anthraquinone-bromine redox flow battery. After adjusting membrane-electrode assembly composition (membrane material and flow field)), the cell demonstrated peak power density of 335 mW cm−2 (at SOC 90%) and capacity utilization, capacity retention and energy efficiency of 87.9, 99.6 and 64.2%, respectively. These values are almost identical or even higher than similar values for flow battery with 2,7-AQDS as a negolyte, while the price of mixture is significantly lower. Therefore, this work unveils the promising possibility of using a mixture of crude sulfonated anthraquinone derivatives mixture as an inexpensive negolyte of RFB.

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The potential supply risk of vanadium for the renewable energy transition in Germany

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

The Integrated Policy Package Assessment approach: elaborating ex ante knowledge in the field of urban mobility

The Integrated Policy Package Assessment approach: elaborating ex ante knowledge in the field of urban mobility

Materials availability and supply chain considerations for vanadium in grid-scale redox flow batteries

Mixture of Anthraquinone Sulfo-Derivatives as an Inexpensive Organic Flow Battery Negolyte: Optimization of Battery Cell

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