The power of biodegradation and bio-adsorption of bacteria symbiont sponges sea on waste contaminated of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals

Abstract

Sponge is often used as a bio indicator and bio monitoring in determining the level of heavy metal contamination in the sea. The purpose of this research is to analyze the destruction of PAHs and the reduction of heavy metal toxicity. Biodegradation and bio-adsorption occur with a 30-day interaction between bacterial symbiont sponge suspension against modified liquid waste containing a mixture of PAHs (naphthalene) contaminants, heavy metals Cr (VI) and Cd (II). The period of interaction of bacteria with heavy metals for 15 days, bio-adsorption power was determined using AAS, while the interaction with PAHs, the level of biodegradation was measured using GC-MS and Infrared Spectrophotometer. The results achieved bacteria BP and PS, have biodegradation and bio-adsorption activities against extreme waste contaminated with a mixture of naphthalene and heavy metal. The level of biodegradation of BP bacteria to naphthalene is weaker than PS bacteria. The bio-adsorption power of PS bacteria is higher for Cr (VI) and Cd (II) ions. The components of naphthalene in extreme waste inhibit the bio-adsorption performance of BP and PS bacterial, conversely there is an effect of inhibition of bacterial activity on the biodegradation process of naphthalene by the presence of heavy metals.

Identification of marine sponges-symbiotic bacteria and their application in degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

“…This can be used as a reference to the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by these marine sponge symbionts. Marzuki et al (2015a;2020b) has developed morphological analysis and Gram stain tests of sponge-symbiotic bacteria to determine if there is a relationship between the morphology of bacteria and the activity of PAH biodegradation (Marzuki et al 2015b;Marzuki et al 2020a). Phenotype data for sponge-symbiotic bacteria is also one of the variables that can be used as a reference in the tracking of prospective bacteria for biodegradation of PAH components in waste.…”

“…If bacteria reacted positively with Voges-Proskauer (VP), it shows that the bacteria have the ability to reduce the molecular structure of simple chemical components based on their ability to ferment butanediol (Akinde and Iwuozor 2012). Another theory reports that the positive reactions of the bacteria to catalase suggest that they have enzymes capable of breaking down peroxides in aerobic metabolism (Marzuki et al 2015b;Bibi et al 2016) stated that the positive reactions of the lactose-reactive bacteria indicate that the bacteria are capable of producing enzymes that can break down the lactose molecules into glucose (Marzuki et al 2020b).…”

Comparison of Biodegradation Performance of Marine Sponge Symbiont Bacteria Consortium Against Anthracene and Pyrene

“…Marine sponge symbiont bacteria code Sp1-Bc, Sp2-Ps, Sp3-Ac, (Table 3), methanol pa, n-hexane for GC, anthracene cas number 000120-12-7and pyrene cas number 000129-00-0 (Supelco), Na2SO¬4 pa, aquabides, physiological 0.9% NaCl, (commercially obtained), set of materials for sponge morphology analysis, set of materials for standard biochemical tests following the guidelines in Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual [59] and set of materials for genotypic analysis of bacterial isolates. Bacterial isolates of marine sponge symbionts are the research stock, part of a previous publication [11,29,32,37]…”

“…Morphology, cell structure, and types of sea sponge samples in the study were analyzed at the Microbiology Laboratory of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Central Java. Sponge types and morphological data are part of the researcher's stock from previous publications [11,29,32,37,42] Isolation of bacteria using Swab method, purification by a direct plating method, morphological analysis by direct observation, Gram staining, phenotypic analysis and determination of isolates of marine sponge symbiont bacteria following the Laboratory Manual procedure [59]. The data showed (Table 2) is the researcher's stock, part of previous publications [29,32,37].…”

“…In addition to having the ability to degrade carbon components, especially PAHs, Sponges also have bioindicator and biomonitoring functions as well as bio-adsorption of heavy metals. It is due to their ability to produce enzymes (metabolic components) that can absorb and neutralize the toxic nature of the waste [32][33][34]. Sponges also have the function of biodegradation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon components, presumably because of the role of symbiotic bacteria they have or because of the metabolic components produced [35,36].…”