The pre-amputation pain and the postoperative deafferentation are the risk factors of phantom limb pain: a clinical survey in a sample of Chinese population

Yin, Yan; Zhang, Lan; Hong, Xiao; Wen, Chuan-Bing; Dai, Yutian; Yang, Guang; Zuo, Yunxia; Liu, Jin

doi:10.1186/s12871-017-0359-6

Cited by 42 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…According to this, we believe that pain experienced by docked cows is similar to human phantom limb pain, which has also been associated with neuroma formation (Nikolajsen 2012). Phantom limb pain has been vastly studied in humans (Schley et al 2008;Andoh et al 2017;Yin et al 2017). In cases of phantom limb pain, characteristic chronic neuropathic pain occurs in the amputation stump; and although this pain may decrease or eventually disappear over time, if continues for more than 6 month, the prognosis for pain decrease is poor (Kuffler 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical/thermal sensitivity and superficial temperature in the stump of long-term tail-docked dairy cows

Troncoso

Herzberg

Meneses

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Background. Tail docking of dairy cows is a painful procedure that affects animal welfare. The aims of this study were first to evaluate the response to mechanical and thermal stimulation, and second to determine the superficial temperature of the stump of tail-docked dairy cows. Methods. One hundred and sixty four dairy cows were enrolled. From these, 133 cows were assigned to the tail-docked group (TD) and 31 cows were selected as control animals (C). The following sensory assessments to evaluate pain in tail-docked cows were performed. Sensitivity of the tail region in both groups of animals was evaluated using a portable algometer. Cold and heat sensitivity assessment was performed using a frozen pack (0ºC) and warm water (45ºC), respectively. Pinprick sensitivity was evaluated using a Wartenberg neurological pinwheel. Superficial temperature was evaluated using a thermographic camera. All sensory assessments and superficial temperature were evaluated in the ventral surface of the tail stump (TD) and tail (C). Results. Analysis revealed a significant effect of condition on the pressure pain threshold with significantly lower values necessary to obtain a withdrawal response in TD cows (5.97±0.19 kg) compared to C cows (11.75±0.43 kg). Chi Square test revealed that there was a significant association between heat sensitivity and condition with 29.3% of TD cows responding positively. Nonetheless, no association was found between condition and cold sensitivity. Similarly, after pinprick sensitivity test was performed, 93.2% of TD cows elicited a positive response to stimulation. This sensory testing was significantly associated with the condition. There was a significant effect of condition on superficial temperature, where TD cows had significantly lower temperature (26.43±0.27 ºC) when compared to C animals (29.86±0.62 ºC). Discussion. Pressure pain threshold values in both groups of animals were higher that those previously reported for tail docked pigs, sows and cows. In contrast, pinprick stimulation evaluates the presence of punctate mechanical hyperalgesia/allodynia, usually related to traumatic nerve injury, and this association may reveal that it is possible that these animals developed a disorder associated to the development of a tail stump neuroma and concurrent neuropathic pain, previously reported in tail-docked lambs, pigs and dogs. Thermal sensitivity showed that tail-docked cows responded positively only to heat stimulation. These findings suggest that long-term tail-docked cows could be suffering hyperalgesia/allodynia, which may be indicative of chronic pain. Lower superficial temperature in the stump may be associated to sympathetic fiber sprouting in the distal stump, which can lead to vasoconstriction and lower surface temperatures. Further studies are needed in order to confirm neuroma development and adrenergic sprouting.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical/thermal sensitivity and superficial temperature in the stump of long-term tail-docked dairy cows

Troncoso

Herzberg

Meneses

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…In this condition, the amputation and trauma that nerves and surrounding tissue suffer, disrupts normal afferent and efferent signals, Manuscript to be reviewed leads to neuroma development and neurons become hyper-excitable (Hanyu-Deutmeyer and Dulebohn, 2018). Phantom limb pain has been vastly studied in humans (Schley et al, 2008;Andoh et al, 2017;Yin et al, 2017). In cases of phantom limb pain, characteristic chronic neuropathic pain occurs in the amputation stump; and although this pain may decrease or eventually disappear over time, if it continues for more than 6 months, the prognosis for pain decrease is poor (Kuffler, 2017).…”

Section: Manuscript To Be Reviewedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #1 of "Mechanical/thermal sensitivity and superficial temperature in the stump of long-term tail-docked dairy cows (v0.2)"

2018

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Background. Tail docking of dairy cows is a painful procedure that affects animal welfare level. The aims of this study were first to evaluate the response to mechanical and thermal stimulation, and second to determine the superficial temperature of the stump of taildocked dairy cows. Methods. One hundred and sixty-four dairy cows were enrolled. From these, 133 cows were assigned to the tail-docked (TD) group and 31 cows were selected as control animals. The following sensory assessments to evaluate pain in tail-docked cows were performed. Sensitivity of the tail region in both groups of animals was evaluated using a portable algometer. Cold and heat sensitivity assessment was performed using a frozen pack (0ºC) and warm water (45ºC), respectively. Pinprick sensitivity was evaluated using a Wartenberg neurological pinwheel. Superficial temperature was evaluated using a thermographic camera. All sensory assessments and superficial temperature were evaluated in the ventral surface of the tail stump (TD) and tail (C). Results. Pressure pain threshold was lower in TD cows (5.97±0.19 kg) compared to control cows (11.75±0.43 kg). Heat and cold sensitivity was higher in the TD cows compared to control cows with 29% and 23% of TD cows responding positively, respectively. Similarly, after pinprick sensitivity test was performed, 93% of TD cows elicited a positive response to stimulation. Taildocked cows had lower superficial temperature (26.4±0.27 ºC) compared to control cows (29.9±0.62 ºC). Discussion. Pressure pain threshold values in both groups of animals were higher than those previously reported for TD pigs, sows and cows. In contrast, pinprick stimulation evaluates the presence of punctate mechanical hyperalgesia/allodynia, usually related to traumatic nerve injury, and this association may reveal that it is possible that these animals developed a disorder associated to the development of a tail stump neuroma and concurrent neuropathic pain, previously reported in TD lambs, pigs and dogs. Thermal sensitivity showed that TD cows responded positively to heat and cold stimulation. These findings suggest that long-term TD cows

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“…Unfortunately, many of them also experience phantom limb pain (PLP), i.e. pain perceived as arising from their missing limb, although the estimated prevalence varies from 29% to 72% across studies [ 2 – 5 ]. Some clinical studies have provided evidence that the presence of pain in a limb prior to its amputation is a risk factor for the development of PLP [ 3 , 5 – 8 ] (but see [ 4 ] and [ 9 ] for contrasting results).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…pain perceived as arising from their missing limb, although the estimated prevalence varies from 29% to 72% across studies [ 2 – 5 ]. Some clinical studies have provided evidence that the presence of pain in a limb prior to its amputation is a risk factor for the development of PLP [ 3 , 5 – 8 ] (but see [ 4 ] and [ 9 ] for contrasting results). Furthermore, several amputees report pain in their phantom limb that is qualitatively similar to the pain felt just before amputation [ 8 , 10 , 11 ], and this led to a model based on somatosensory pain memories [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of pain on deafferentation-induced modulation of somatosensory evoked potentials

et al. 2018

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There is a large body of evidence showing substantial sensorimotor reorganizations after an amputation. These reorganizations are believed to contribute to the development of phantom limb pain, but alternatively, pain might influence the plasticity triggered by the deafferentation. The aim of this study was to test whether pain impacts on deafferentation-induced plasticity in the somatosensory pathways. Fifteen healthy subjects participated in 2 experimental sessions (Pain, No Pain) in which somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) associated with electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve were assessed before and after temporary ischemic deafferentation induced by inflation of a cuff around the wrist. In the Pain session capsaicin cream was applied on the dorsum of the hand 30 minutes prior to cuff inflation. Results show that pain decreased the amplitude of the N20 (main effect of condition, p = 0.033), with a similar trend for the P25. Temporary ischemic deafferentation had a significant effect on SSEPs (main effect of time), with an increase in the P25 (p = 0.013) and the P45 amplitude (p = 0.005), together with a reduction of the P90 amplitude (p = 0.002). Finally, a significant time x condition interaction, reflecting state-dependent plasticity, was found for the P90 only, the presence of pain decreasing the reduction of amplitude observed in response to deafferentation. In conclusion, these results show that nociceptive input can influence the plasticity induced by a deafferentation, which could be a contributing factor in the cortical somatosensory reorganization observed in chronic pain populations.

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The pre-amputation pain and the postoperative deafferentation are the risk factors of phantom limb pain: a clinical survey in a sample of Chinese population

Cited by 42 publications

References 29 publications

Mechanical/thermal sensitivity and superficial temperature in the stump of long-term tail-docked dairy cows

Mechanical/thermal sensitivity and superficial temperature in the stump of long-term tail-docked dairy cows

Peer Review #1 of "Mechanical/thermal sensitivity and superficial temperature in the stump of long-term tail-docked dairy cows (v0.2)"

Effect of pain on deafferentation-induced modulation of somatosensory evoked potentials

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