One new, dabeshanensin L (1), and nine known diterpenoids with diverse structures were isolated from the 90% MeOH extract of the needles (30 g dried mass-limited samples) of Pinus dabeshanensis, an endangered conifer listed in the China Plant Red Data Book (CPRDB). The new structure was established by detailed analysis of its spectroscopic data (IR, 1D/2D NMR, HRMS). Among the isolates, isopimara-7-en-18-oic acid (4), trans-abienol (6), and lambertianic acid (8) showed significant inhibitory activities against the human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) enzyme, a key target for the treatment of type-II diabetes and obesity, with IC 50 values ranging from 14.6 to 37.7 µmol/L.