The Presence of Bacteria in Permafrost of the Alaskan Arctic

Boyd, William L.; Boyd, Josephine W.

doi:10.1139/m64-119

Cited by 31 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Be it the hot and high-pressure environment of black smokers in the depth of the oceans, the high-salinity waters at a saltlake or the endurant ice of the permafrost, bacteria have found a way to populate nearly every spot on the earth (Boyd and Boyd, 1964; Abyzov et al, 1979; Corliss et al, 1979; Imhoff, 1986; Schrenk et al, 2003; Zhou et al, 2009). Although the mentioned microbes are highly specialized extremists and have adapted to their natural reservoirs during eons, it should be kept in mind that many of the bacteria in less exotic environments are also highly adaptable (Cases et al, 2003; Kotte et al, 2010).…”

Section: Secretion—a Milestone In Bacterial Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type II secretion in Yersinia—a secretion system for pathogenicity and environmental fitness

Tils¹,

Blädel²,

Schmidt³

et al. 2012

Front. Cell. Inf. Microbio.

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In Yersinia species, type III secretion (T3S) is the most prominent and best studied secretion system and a hallmark for the infection process of pathogenic Yersinia species. Type II secretion (T2S), on the other hand, is less well-characterized, although all Yersinia species, pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic, possess one or even two T2S systems. The only Yersinia strain in which T2S has so far been studied is the human pathogenic strain Y. enterocolitica 1b. Mouse infection experiments showed that at least one of the two T2S systems of Y. enterocolitica 1b, termed Yts1, is involved in dissemination and colonization of deeper tissues like liver and spleen. Interestingly, in vitro studies revealed a complex regulation of the Yts1 system, which is mainly active at low temperatures and high Mg2+-levels. Furthermore, the functional characterization of the proteins secreted in vitro indicates a role of the Yts1 machinery in survival of the bacteria in an environmental habitat. In silico analyses identified Yts1 homologous systems in bacteria that are known as plant symbionts or plant pathogens. Thus, the recent studies point to a dual function of the Yts1 T2S systems, playing a role in virulence of humans and animals, as well as in the survival of the bacteria outside of the mammalian host. In contrast, the role of the second T2S system, Yts2, remains ill defined. Whereas the T3S system and its virulence-mediating role has been intensively studied, it might now be time to also focus on the T2S system and its role in the Yersinia lifestyle, especially considering that most of the Yersinia isolates are not found in infected humans but have been gathered from various environmental samples.

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Section: Secretion—a Milestone In Bacterial Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type II secretion in Yersinia—a secretion system for pathogenicity and environmental fitness

Tils¹,

Blädel²,

Schmidt³

et al. 2012

Front. Cell. Inf. Microbio.

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“…Prior to processing the soil samples were stored at -80 and -30°C. The first quantitative investigation of permafrost micro-organisms in the western Arctic was performed by Boyd and Boyd (1964) at Barrow, Alaska. On a nutrient-rich medium the authors counted up to 55,000 bacteria per gram of dry soil (celYg) in the active layer, growing at + 22°C.…”

Section: Micro-organisms In Ice and Permafrostmentioning

confidence: 99%

Permafrost Microbiology

Gilichinsky

Rivkina

2011

Encyclopedia of Geobiology

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Numerous and various ecological and morphological groups of viable micro-organisms survive under permafrost conditions. They are the only known living organisms preserved over a geologically significant time. Their preservation within permafrost is of interest from both biological and geocryological points of view and forms the basis for a number of investigations in different scientific fields. The latter are performed not only upon morphological but also upon functional characteristics of viable cells. This approach is relevant to questions concerning the protective properties of unfrozen water and may provide new ways of solving major problems of historical geocryology. Of special interest is the interaction of both biological and geological knowledge to better understand the spatial and temporal limits of the biosphere. RESUMEDe nombreux groupes varies de micro-organismes survivent a leur emprisonnement dans le pergelisol. 11s constituent les seuls organismes qui sont prkservks aprks un temps gkologique significatif. Leur prkservation au sein du pergklisol est intkressante a la fois au point de vue biologique et gkocryologique, et elle constitue l'objet de nombreuses recherches dans diffkrents domaines scientifiques, notamment en ce qui concerne la morphologie mais aussi en ce qui concerne les caractkristiques fonctionnelles des cellules rksistantes. Ces recherches peuvent apporter des donnkes propos des possibilitks protectives de l'eau non gelee et peuvent aussi fournir des solutions a des problitmes fondamentaux de geocryologie historique. Ces recherches concernent en outre l'interaction entre les connaissances biologiques et gkologiques et aideront ZI mieux comprendre les limites spatiales et temporelles de la biosphitre. KEY WORDS: permafrost; micro-organisms: biology COLD-ADAPTED MICRO-ORGANISMSorganisms in natural environments, which mostly are at low temperatures. Including seawater, of Temperature is one of the most important which two-thirds has a temperature of around parameters regulating the activities of micro-+ 2"C, and polar regions, more than 80% of the

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“…This pioneering investigation was followed by a number of studies revealed significant cell counts and various types of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, fungi and protozoa, within the soils of the active layer and the perennially frozen ground (Kris 1940, James and Southerland 1942, Boyd 1958, Boyd and Boyd 1964. Since that time, a number of investigations on microbial abundance and physiology within different circum-arctic environments had been undertaken (e.g.…”

Section: Permafrost Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Communities and Processes in Arctic Permafrost Environments

Wagner

2008

Soil Biology

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In polar regions huge layers of frozen ground are formed -termed permafrost -which covers more than 25 % of the land mass and significant parts of the coastal sea shelfs. Permafrost habitats are controlled by extreme climate and terrain conditions. Particularly, the seasonal freezing and thawing in the upper active layer of permafrost leads to distinct gradients in temperature and geochemistry. Due to the harsh living conditions, microorganisms in permafrost environments have to survive extremely cold temperatures, freeze-thaw cycles, desiccation and starvation under long-lasting background radiation over geological time scales. Although, permafrost microorganisms remains relatively unexplored, recent findings show that microbial communities in this extreme environment are composed by members of all three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya), with a total biomass comparable to temperate soil ecosystems. This chapter describes the environmental conditions of permafrost and reviews recent studies on microbial processes and diversity in permafrost affected soils as well as the role and significance of microbial communities on the global biogeochemical cycles. 7.1

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The Presence of Bacteria in Permafrost of the Alaskan Arctic

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

Type II secretion in Yersinia—a secretion system for pathogenicity and environmental fitness

Type II secretion in Yersinia—a secretion system for pathogenicity and environmental fitness

Permafrost Microbiology

Microbial Communities and Processes in Arctic Permafrost Environments

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