The Prevalence and Predictors of Depression in Type 2 Diabetic Population of Punjab

Abstract

The present cross sectional study was carried out on 787 type 2 diabetic subjects from tertiary health care hospitals to identify the prevalence and predictors of depression in diabetes. Depression was tested using Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Of the study participants, 199 (25.29%) met the criteria for mild to moderate depression, 252 (32.02%) were severely depressed and 336 (42.69%) were clinically non-depressed. The prevalence of depression was 65.02 % in women, which is 1.87 fold higher (p < 0.0001) than men (49.87%). Depression was observed to be strongly associated with advancing age >30 years (p < 0.05), low income (p = 0.0001), sedentary life style (p = 0.001), Plasma levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) >100 mg/dl and triglycerides (TG) >150 mg/dl (p < 0.05), drinking alcohol (p < 0.001), statin use (p < 0.001), BMI >35-39.9 kg m(-2) (p = 0.018), WHR >0.9 cm (p < 0.0001), Glucose levels >125 mg/dl (p < 0.0001) and duration of diabetes 2-4 years (p = 0.003). In multivariate logistic regression model, risk factors such as, being a woman, duration of diabetes ≥10 years, BMI ≥30 kg m(-2), LDL >100 mg/dl, TG >150 mg/dl and sedentary life style emerged as independent predictors of depression in diabetes. In the present study, 86.4 % diabetic subjects were not diagnosed for depression prior participation. In conclusion, the present study revealed that higher prevalence of depression in diabetes was evident in population of Punjab, especially in women and majority of these patients remain undiagnosed for depression.

Prevalence of depression and anxiety in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in tertiary care hospital

“…Page 1311 be 32.56% is comparable with previous findings in Northern India 41%, Netherlands 31%, in Bahrain 33.3%, in Malaysia 30.5%, A multi-center study done in Pakistan found prevalence as 43.5% [9][10][11][12][13]. …”

Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors among Diabetic Patients at Mekelle City, North Ethiopia

“…[ 18 ] In general, our finding is smaller than distinct discoveries from Maroc, Guinea, Nigeria, Asia, Nepal, Bangladesh, and India. [ 7 12 13 14 15 16 25 26 27 ] These distinctions can be due to the differences in sample size, sociodemographic condition, and others.…”

“…Across the globe distinct, prevalence rates have been reported on depression among diabetic patients; this includes higher figures of 59.8%,[ 11 ] 50–60% in Asia,[ 12 13 ] 54.1% in Nepal,[ 7 ] 45.2% in Bangladesh[ 14 ] to (25.3–35.4%) in India,[ 15 16 ] 17% in Poland,[ 17 ] and substantially lower rate of 11.2% in Peru. [ 18 ]…”

“…There are a number of factors which are associated with cooccurrence of depression among diabetics; these include women, non-married, older age, low socioeconomic, and higher body mass index; besides that smoking habit, increased number of comorbidities, higher level of cholesterol, and poor glycemic control are also related with depression[ 6 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ]…”

“…[9] In another way, the coexistence of diabetes complicates outcome of depression. [10] Across the globe distinct, prevalence rates have been reported on depression among diabetic patients; this includes higher figures of 59.8%, [11] 50-60% in Asia, [12,13] 54.1% in Nepal, [7] 45.2% in Bangladesh [14] to (25.3-35.4%) in India, [15,16] 17% in Poland, [17] and substantially lower rate of 11.2% in Peru. [18] There are a number of factors which are associated with cooccurrence of depression among diabetics; these include women, non-married, older age, low socioeconomic, and higher body mass index; besides that smoking habit, increased number of comorbidities, higher level of cholesterol, and poor glycemic control are also related with depression [6,9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] In contrary to most studies, a survey conducted at the United States reported that a baseline diabetic control is not an independent predictor for depressive disorder; [24] one more study from China reported that college level education and having a job were related to depression among diabetics.…”