The Prevalence of ADHD and Comorbid Disorders in Iranian Adult Male Prison Inmates

Abstract

ADHD is prevalent in offenders and it is associated with comorbid disorders. The results emphasize the necessity of treatment programs for offenders with ADHD.

Among a sample of Iranian students, adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is related to childhood ADHD, but not to age, gender, socioeconomic status, or birth order—an exploratory study

“…Th e hypothesis was not supported. Rather, and contrary to other fi ndings (e.g., Willcutt 2012; Wingo and Ghaemi 2007;Tamam et al 2008;Amiri et al 2010;Hooman and Ganji 2012), prevalence rates were signifi cantly higher on the basis of both selfreports and experts ' ratings and, surprisingly, prevalence was as high as that reported for male Iranian prisoners (Hamzeloo et al 2012). Th e current data do not allow any detailed interpretation of the high prevalence rates found, though it is conceivable that use of DSM-IV criteria rather than ICD-10 criteria might have led to higher prevalence rates.…”

“…Compared with data from Willcutt (2012; 6.7% prevalence rate), the prevalence rate of the current sample was signifi cantly higher ( χ 2 ( N ϭ 487, df ϭ 1) ϭ 6.64, p ϭ 0.014). Compared with data from male Iranian prisoners (Hamzeloo et al 2012), the prevalence rate of adult ADHD in this sample did not diff er signifi cantly ( χ 2 ( N ϭ 1682, df ϭ 1) ϭ 0.026, p ϭ 0.935).…”

“…Hooman and Ganji (2012) conducted a meta-analytic review of research on adult ADHD in Iran and concluded that the prevalence rate of adult ADHD in the country was 6.76%, with higher rates for males than females. Hamzeloo et al (2012) assessed adult ADHD among male prison inmates. Th ey reported that ADHD was present in 16.2%, of a sample of 908 male prisoners, with higher rates of mood, anxiety, antisocial and borderline disorders, and substance abuse.…”

Adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among the prison inmates: An investigation of the executive function differences and comorbidity effects

“…Considering the behavioural problems and consequences among adults with ADHD and the disorder's comorbidity with other problems (e.g., antisocial personality disorder and drug‐related disorders), it is reasonable to expect that ADHD among adult prisoners is more common than the normal population. Evidences shows that 10–70% of prisoners in different countries suffer from the disorder (Ghanizadeh, Mohammadi, Akhondzadeh, & Sanaei‐Zadeh, ; Gudjonsson, Sigurdsson, Young, Newton, & Peersen, ; Hamzeloo, Mashhadi, & Fadardi, ). The result of a recent meta‐analysis estimating the prevalence of ADHD in incarcerated populations was 25.5% with no significant differences for gender and age (Young, Moss, Sedgwick, Fridman, & Hodgkins, ).…”

“…The result of a recent meta‐analysis estimating the prevalence of ADHD in incarcerated populations was 25.5% with no significant differences for gender and age (Young, Moss, Sedgwick, Fridman, & Hodgkins, ). Inmates with ADHD were at greater risk of suffering from behavioural problems and psychiatric comorbidities (e.g., substance use disorders, conduct disorder, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders) compared with inmates without ADHD (Hamzeloo et al, ; Young, Adamou, et al, ; Young, Wells, & Gudjonsson, ). The result of a recent meta‐analysis showed that the risk of all psychiatric comorbidity has increased among adult inmate with ADHD.…”