The prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among school-aged children in Benin City, Nigeria

Ofovwe, CE; Ofovwe, GE; Meyer, Anneke

doi:10.2989/17280580609486611

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…A combination of these factors could have contributed to underestimate of the true prevalence. The estimate is nevertheless comparable to prevalence of 5.3% and 6% in neighboring Congo and 8% in Nigeria suggesting error may be marginal [ 6 , 7 ]. The other studies were carried out in schools hence may not be comparable in terms of study population characteristics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

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Cross-sectional survey on prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms at a tertiary care health facility in Nairobi

Wamithi

Ochieng

Njenga³

et al. 2015

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health

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BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder is the most common childhood neurobehavioral disorder with well documented adverse consequences in adolescence and adulthood, yet 60-80% of cases go undiagnosed. Routine screening is not practiced in most pediatric outpatient services and little information exists on factors associated with the condition in developing countries.MethodsThis was a questionnaire based cross-sectional survey whose primary objective was to determine prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children aged 6-12 years attending a tertiary care hospital Accidents and Emergency unit. Secondary objectives were to: (i) ascertain if physical injury and poor academic performance were associated with ADHD, (ii) compare diagnostic utility of parent-filled Vanderbilt Assessment Scale (VAS) against Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) as the gold reference and (iii) establish if there exists an association between ADHD symptoms cluster and co-morbid conditions.ResultsPrevalence of cluster of symptoms consistent with ADHD was 6.3% (95% CI; 3.72-10.33) in 240 children studied. Those affected were more likely to repeat classes than the asymptomatic (OR 20.2; 95% CI 4.02-100.43). Additionally, 67% of the symptomatic had previously experienced burns and 37% post-traumatic open wounds. The odds of having an injury in the symptomatic was 2.9 (95% CI; 1.01-8.42) compared to the asymptomatic. Using DSM-IV as reference, VAS had a sensitivity of 66.7% (95%; CI 39.03-87.12) and specificity of 99.0% (95% CI; 96.1-99.2). Positive predictive value was 83.0% (95% CI; 50.4-97.3) and negative predictive value 98.0% (CI 95.1-99.1). Oppositional defiant disorder symptoms, anxiety, depression and conduct problems were not significantly associated with ADHD cluster of symptoms.ConclusionThe study found a relatively high prevalence of symptoms associated with ADHD. Symptomatic children experienced poor school performance. These findings support introduction of a policy on routine screening for ADHD in pediatric outpatient service. Positive history of injury and poor academic performance should trigger further evaluation for ADHD. Vanderbilt assessment scale is easier to administer than DSM-IV but has low sensitivity and high specificity that make it inappropriate for screening. It however provides a suitable alternative confirmatory test to determine who among clinically symptomatic patients requires referral to a psychiatrist.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Polanczyk et al reported a worldwide pooled prevalence of ADHD of 5.3% (95% CI; 5.01-5.56) [ 5 ]. Studies done in Kinshasa and Nigeria reported ADHD prevalence of 6% and 8% respectively [ 6 , 7 ]. The study in Kinshasa found ADHD to be associated with both poor school performance and family health problems [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-sectional survey on prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms at a tertiary care health facility in Nairobi

Wamithi

Ochieng

Njenga³

et al. 2015

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health

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“…In this study, the definition of our outcome variable (ADHD) was based on validated standard instruments designed to measure ADHD in children and adolescents. Hence, studies included in the final analysis used the following standard tools to assess ADHD: Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS) [22], Conners-Wells Adolescent Self-Report Scale (CASS) [23], Diagnostic interview for Child and Adolescents-Revised (DICA-R) [24], Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham rating scale 4th revision (SNAP-IV-C) [25], the Vanderbilt ADHD Teacher Rating Scale (VAR-TRS) [13], ADHD rating scale [26], and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV) [27].…”

Section: Definition Of Outcome (Adhd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The characteristics of these studies are summarized in Table 1. Selected studies were conducted in Nigeria [30][31][32], Sudan [33], Uganda [34], Congo [35], Kenya [36,37], Egypt [38][39][40][41], and Ethiopia [42]. Age at diagnosis of ADHD varies from 4 to 18 years.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020

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Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence, affecting 2.2 to 17.8% of all school-aged children and adolescents. ADHD in children has been associated with a wide range of developmental deficits including limitations of learning or control of executive functions as well as global impairments of social skills. However, no review has been conducted to report the consolidated magnitude of ADHD in children and adolescents in Africa. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of ADHD in Africa. Methods:Following the PRISMA guideline, we systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed studies that investigated the prevalence of ADHD in Africa from three electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus). We also looked at the reference lists of included studies to include other relevant studies. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis was carried out based on the study setting, tools used to measure ADHD, sex of participants, and the subtype of ADHD. Heterogeneity across the studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q-and the I 2 -test. We assessed potential publication bias using Egger's test and visual inspection of the symmetry in funnel plots. Results:In the present meta-analysis, 7452 articles were initially identified and evaluated. Of these, 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents in Africa was 7.47% (95% CI 60-9.26). The prevalence of ADHD was apparently greater in boys (10.60%) than in girls (5.28%) with a male:female ratio of 2.01:1. In our subgroup analysis, the predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I) was found to be the most common subtype of ADHD, followed by hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-HI) and the combined type (ADHD-C) with the prevalence of 2.95%, 2.77%, and 2.44% respectively. The predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I) was the most common type of ADHD in both boys (4.05%) and girls (2.21%). The funnel plot and Egger's regression tests provided no evidence of substantial publication bias in the prevalence of ADHD. Conclusion:Our systematic review suggested a higher prevalence of ADHD (7.47%) in children and adolescents in Africa, indicating that ADHD is a serious public health problem in children and adolescents in Africa. The prevalence of ADHD was considerably greater in males than in females. The predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I) was the most common type of ADHD in both males and females. Greater attention needs to be paid to the prevention and treatment of ADHD. © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this art...

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Tricyclic antidepressants for ADHD in children and adolescents

Otasowie

Ehimare

Chalhoub

et al. 2008

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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The prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among school-aged children in Benin City, Nigeria

Cited by 13 publications

References 39 publications

Cross-sectional survey on prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms at a tertiary care health facility in Nairobi

Cross-sectional survey on prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms at a tertiary care health facility in Nairobi

Epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Tricyclic antidepressants for ADHD in children and adolescents

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