The prevalence of human isolates of Salmonella subspecies II in southern Africa

Abstract

SUMMARYThe Salmonella Reference Centre in Johannesburg received 14059 strains of human origin between 1979 and 1984. A significant proportion (6-3 %) proved to belong to subspecies II. The majority were cultured from faecal material, usually associated with symptoms related to the gastrointestinal tract. They comprised 884 isolates, represented by 203 serotypes, of which 45 were new serotypes.The poor hygienic conditions found in many rural areas, together with possible contamination of food and water by wild animals, may contribute to the greater frequency of human S.II infections and the widespread occurrence of unusual serotypes in man in this geographic region.

Prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella species isolated from captive reptiles in the Czech Republic

“…salamae serotype O:4,12;H:b;H:e,n,x and S. Agona, but their isolation from reptiles as well as from humans indicates that reptiles can be a possible source of these serotypes. However, it must be taken into consideration that the results are to a large extent influenced by the different systems of data collection in various countries and, therefore, (Ebani et al 2005) Ameiva ameiva (Everard et al 1979) Opheodrys vernalis (Chambers and Hulse 2006) Data not known (Ebani et al 2005) Iguana iguana (Woodward et al 1997) unspecified reptiles (Wikstrom et al 2014 (Lapage et al 1966) unspecified reptile (Aleksic et al 1996) Data not known Schrire et al 1987Aleksic et al 1996 S. enterica subsp. (Gopee et al 2000) Iguana iguana (Sylvester et al 2014 Pantherophis guttatus Physignathus lesueurii (Ebani et al 2005) Furcifer pardalis (Geue and Löschner 2002) unspecified reptile (Chen et al 2010) Data not known CDC 2016 Kim et al 2007 S. enterica subsp.…”

Salmonella

“…II were found among 81 936 isolates, mostly from humans, reported in different surveys, e.g. Central Africa before 1960 (see Schrire et al 1987), Malaysia 1973-82 (Jegathesan 1984 and France 1980-83 (Le Minor et al 1985. The main reservoirs of this subspecies are healthy or diseased reptiles and diverse coldblooded animals (Rohde 1965).…”

“…More recently, a relatively high frequency (6.4 percent) of isolation of subsp. II strains from humans was evident in southern Africa in the period 1979-84 (Schrire et al 1987). Many isolates were from patients with symptoms of gastroenteritis or dysentery and, whilst most of them occurred sporadically, some clustering of cases was noted, e.g.…”

A review of the ecology, colonization and genetic characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Sofia, a prolific but avirulent poultry serovar in Australia

“…While S. Sofia is generally regarded as having a low virulence for humans it has been isolated from humans in southern Africa, Germany and Israel (Aleksic et al, 1996;Heuzenroeder et al, 2001;Schrire et al, 1987). Salmonella subsp.…”

“…Of these 884 subsp. II isolates, S. Sofia was the fourth most common with 33 isolates (Schrire et al, 1987). A review of 90, 201 Salmonella strains received at the National Reference Centre for Enteric Pathogens in Germany from the period 1977 to 1992 identified 99.6% as belonging to Salmonella subsp.…”