The prevalence of microsporidia in China : A systematic review and meta-analysis

Qiu, Luyao; Xia, Wanyuan; Li, Wendao; Ping, Jing; Ding, Songtao; Liu, Handeng

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39290-3

Cited by 36 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The average prevalence of E. bieneusi measured in humans in China is approximately 5.8% [17], with the highest prevalence (22.5%, 9/40) reported in Changchun [6] and the lowest (0.2%, 1/500) in Wuhan [12]. The prevalence of E. bieneusi detected in the present study was 5.9%, and similar results have been reported in several previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Unusual dominant genotype NIA1 of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in children in Southern Xinjiang, China

Zhao

et al. 2020

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the mainly pathologies or intestinal disorders that causes approximately 90% of reported cases of human microsporidiosis. To understand the prevalence and genotype distribution of E. bieneusi in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 609 fecal samples were collected from children in kindergarten in Southern Xinjiang and screened for this pathogen by PCR and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Thirty-six fecal samples (5.9%, 36/609) were positive for E. bieneusi, with the highest prevalence observed in children from Yopurga (17.5%, 11/63). Nine genotypes were identified, of which six were known (A, CHN6, D, EbpA, KB-1, and NIA1) and three were novel (CXJH1, CXJH2 and CXJH3). Genotype NIA1 was most prevalent (52.8%, 19/36), followed by genotypes D (16.7%, 6/36), A (8.3%, 3/36), and EbpA (8.3%, 3/36). The remaining five genotypes were detected in one sample each. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the E. bieneusi isolates clustered into two groups, one consisting of six genotypes (Group 1: A, CXJH1, D, EbpA, KB-1, and NIA1) and another consisting of three genotypes (Group 2: CHN6, CXJH2, and CXJH3). Our results confirmed that infection of E. bieneusi unusual dominant genotype NIA1 occurs in children in Xinjiang, China. Further epidemiological studies must be conducted to clarify potential sources of E. bieneusi infection in this area.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Unusual dominant genotype NIA1 of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in children in Southern Xinjiang, China

Zhao

et al. 2020

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…In China, E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. have been identified in a broad range of wild and domestic animal hosts, including mammals, reptiles, and birds [13]. Rabbits have been reported to harbor various zoonotic species (e.g., Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Microsporidia, and Toxoplasma gondii) and are considered to be a potential source of human infections [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First identification and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in pet rabbits in China

et al. 2020

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Background: Microsporidia are common opportunistic parasites in humans and animals, including rabbits. However, only limited epidemiology data concern about the prevalence and molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in rabbits. This study is the first detection and genotyping of Microsporidia in pet rabbits in China. Results: A total of 584 faecal specimens were collected from rabbits in pet shops from four cities in Sichuan province, China. The overall prevalence of microsporidia infection was 24.8% by nested PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. respectively. E. bieneusi was the most common species (n = 90, 15.4%), followed by Encephalitozoon cuniculi (n = 34, 5.8%) and Encephalitozoon intestinalis (n = 16, 2.7%). Mixed infections (E. bieneusi and E. cuniculi) were detected in five another rabbits (0.9%). Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of microsporidia were observed among different cities (χ 2 = 38.376, df = 3, P < 0.01) and the rabbits older than 1 year were more likely to harbour microsporidia infections (χ 2 = 9.018, df = 2, P < 0.05). Eleven distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi were obtained, including five known (SC02, I, N, J, CHY1) and six novel genotypes (SCR01, SCR02, SCR04 to SCR07). SC02 was the most prevalent genotype in all tested cities (43.3%, 39/90). Phylogenetic analysis showed that these genotypes were clustered into group 1-3 and group 10. Meanwhile, two genotypes (I and II) were identified by sequence analysis of the ITS region of E. cuniculi. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of microsporidia infection in pet rabbits in China. Genotype SC02 and four novel genotypes were classified into potential zoonotic group 1, suggesting that pet rabbits may cause microsporidiosis in humans through zoonotic transmissions. These findings provide preliminary reference data for monitoring microsporidia infections in pet rabbits and humans.

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“…Microsporidia are a large phylum of fungus-related pathogens with an obligate intracellular lifestyle, which are composed of at least 1500 species within 200 genera, and 17 of these species have been reported to cause human infections [1,2]. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently detected species (more than 90%) in microsporidiosis cases [3]. Microsporidiosis caused by E. bieneusi is characterized by asymptomatic infection or self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent and healthy humans, and life-threatening and persistent diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals, such as HIV-positive patients, cancer patients, organ transplant recipients, and children [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently detected species (more than 90%) in microsporidiosis cases [3]. Microsporidiosis caused by E. bieneusi is characterized by asymptomatic infection or self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent and healthy humans, and life-threatening and persistent diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals, such as HIV-positive patients, cancer patients, organ transplant recipients, and children [3]. Enterocytozoon bieneusi has also been widely reported in numerous mammalian and avian hosts [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, wild animals can play a role in spreading microsporidium spores to humans and farmlands [ 5 ]. Consumption of E. bieneusi spores from human and animal feces via contaminated food or water is the most probable transmission route of E. bieneusi to humans or animals [ 3 ]. Enterocytozoon bieneusi has been detected in foods such as milk, raspberries, cucumbers, beans and lettuce, which can act as intermediate carriers of this parasite [ 6 – 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild Himalayan marmots (Marmota himalayana) and Alashan ground squirrels (Spermophilus alashanicus) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area (QTPA) of Gansu Province, China

Wang

Jing

et al. 2020

Parasites Vectors

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Background: Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently detected microsporidian species in humans and animals. Currently, to the best of our knowledge, no information on E. bieneusi infection in Himalayan marmots (Marmota himalayana) and Alashan ground squirrels (Spermophilus alashanicus) is available worldwide. The aim of the present study was to understand the occurrence and genetic characterizations of E. bieneusi in Himalayan marmots and Alashan ground squirrels in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area (QTPA), Gansu Province, China. Methods: A total of 498 intestinal contents were collected from 399 Himalayan marmots and 99 Alashan ground squirrels in QTPA. These samples were screened for the presence of E. bieneusi by using nested polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. The ITS-positive sequences were aligned and phylogenetically analyzed to determine the genotypes of E. bieneusi. Results: The average infection rate of E. bieneusi was 10.0% (50/498), with 11.8% (47/399) in Himalayan marmots and 3.0% (3/99) in Alashan ground squirrels. A total of 7 distinct E. bieneusi genotypes were confirmed: 1 known genotype, YAK1 (n = 18) and 6 novel genotypes, named as ZY37 (n = 27), HN39 (n = 1), HN96 (n = 1), SN45 (n = 1), XH47 (n = 1) and ZY83 (n = 1). All the genotypes obtained in the present study were classified into group 1. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi in Himalayan marmots and Alashan ground squirrels in China. The identification of genotype YAK1 in the two rodent species expanded the host range of this genotype. All the seven genotypes were clustered into zoonotic group 1, suggesting that these animal species can be potential epidemiological vectors of zoonotic microsporidiosis caused by E. bieneusi and pose a threat to ecological security. It is necessary to strengthen management practices and surveillance in the investigated areas to reduce the risk of E. bieneusi infection from the two rodent species to humans.

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The prevalence of microsporidia in China : A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 36 publications

References 28 publications

Unusual dominant genotype NIA1 of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in children in Southern Xinjiang, China

Unusual dominant genotype NIA1 of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in children in Southern Xinjiang, China

First identification and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in pet rabbits in China

Identification and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild Himalayan marmots (Marmota himalayana) and Alashan ground squirrels (Spermophilus alashanicus) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area (QTPA) of Gansu Province, China

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