The prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Tibetan immigrants living in high altitude areas in Ladakh, India

Lin, Belle Yanyu; Genden, Karma; Shen, Wei; Wu, P C; Yang, Wen-Chien; Hung, Hui-Fang; Fu, Chun-Min; Yang, Kuen-Cheh

doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2017.03.002

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In Mongolians aged over 18 years, the prevalence of MetS in men was higher than in women (36•7% vs. 17•8%) [24]. However, a study of Tibetan immigrants in India aged over 20 years reported a prevalence of 10•6% in men and 33•3% in women [27]. In our study, Tibetans had a much lower prevalence of MetS as a result of possible volunteer bias.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among ethnic groups in China

et al. 2020

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Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is common in China, which has a multi-ethnic population of 1•3 billion. We set out to determine the prevalence of MetS and its components in different ethnic groups. Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional survey involved 24,796 participants from eight ethnicities in six provinces in China from 2008 to 2011. MetS was defined using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Results were analysed using SPSS version 22•0 in 2018. Logistic regression was used for deriving odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of risk factors for the MetS. Results: The prevalence of MetS increased with age from 3•60% to 21•68%. After age standardization, the prevalence of MetS, in descending order, was 35•42% (Korean), 22•82% (Hui), 19•80% (Han), 13•72% (Miao), 12•90% (Tujia), 12•04% (Li), 11•61% (Mongolian), 6•17% (Tibetan). Korean ethnicity was associated with a higher prevalence in five components of MetS, while Tibetan ethnicity was associated with lower prevalence except decreased HDL cholesterol. Logistic regression analyses showed that age, drinking and being non-Tibetan were associated with a higher risk of MetS. Conclusions: Within one country, albeit a large one, the prevalence of MetS can vary greatly. Chinese of Korean ethnicity had a much higher prevalence than Tibetan ethnicity. Measures to tackle MetS should be tailored to the ethnic groups within a population.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among ethnic groups in China

et al. 2020

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“…As a result, it leads to decrease in blood glucose, haemoglobin A1c and increase insulin sensitivity. Moreover, the cold weather and chronic hypoxia at high altitude cause calorie intake increase and energy expenditure decrease, which eventually leads to positive energy gain, and induces overweight and obesity 17. Our study revealed that although living altitude affected the risk of different components of metabolic syndrome, there was no dose–response effect between altitude and the risk of metabolic syndrome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Metabolic syndrome in native populations living at high altitude: a cross-sectional survey in Derong, China

Huang

et al. 2020

BMJ Open

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ObjectiveThe metabolic syndrome is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Little information exists on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome at high-altitude areas in China. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components at high altitude.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 5053 adults living in Derong from elevation of 2060 to 3820 m was carried out in 2013. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Chinese Diabetes Society criteria.ResultsThe overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 3.6% (5.9% in men and 1.8% in women) in Derong, China. Obesity and hypertension were more prevalent among adults than dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia at high altitude. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in township than countryside residents (6.6%, 11.9% in men and 1.5% in women vs 3.0%, 4.6% in men and 1.8% in women). Men with age 30–59 years old had a much higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome than women. Men, township, middle and old age residents had a higher risk of metabolic syndrome. The risk of obesity and dyslipidaemia decreased and the risk of hypertension increased in very high altitude (≥3000 m) residents.ConclusionIn Derong, despite the relatively low prevalence of metabolic syndrome, hypertension and obesity are more prevalent in adult residents. And metabolic syndrome is more concentrated in township and male residents. These people also have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a national strategy for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome for high-risk population at high altitude in China.

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“…We identified MetS in more than half of the study population, which is comparable to the figures from other national, regional and international studies conducted in Egypt, 8,14 Saudi Arabia, 15-17 the United Arab Emirates, 18 Kuwait, 19 Oman, 20 and Turkey. 21 Lower rates were reported in Qatar (28.0%), 22 Italy (33.0% in the general population vs 70% in the obese population), 23,24 Greece (23.6%), 25 China (24.2%), 26 Mexico (41.0%), 27 India (20.0%), 28 the United States (24%-32%), 29,30 and across Europe (24.3%). 31 The growing burden of abdominal obesity and MetS and consequently the accelerated development of DM and CVD are explained by transitions toward unhealthy patterns in regard to socioeconomic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and nutritional status that are ongoing in these communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Adapting a Prediction Rule for Metabolic Syndrome Risk Assessment Suitable for Developing Countries

El‐Wahab

Shatat

Charl

2019

J Prim Care Community Health

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Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiometabolic disturbances that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The early identification of high-risk individuals is the key for halting these conditions. The world is facing a growing epidemic MetS although the magnitude in Egypt is unknown. Objectives: To describe MetS and its determinants among apparently healthy individuals residing in urban and rural communities in Egypt and to establish a model for MetS prediction. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 270 adults from rural and urban districts in Alexandria, Egypt. Participants were clinically evaluated and interviewed for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and dietary habits. MetS was defined according to the harmonized criteria set by the AHA/NHLBI. The risk of ischemic heart diseases (IHDs), DM and fatty liver were assessed using validated risk prediction charts. A multiple risk model for predicting MetS was developed, and its performance was compared. Results: In total, 57.8% of the study population met the criteria for MetS and were at high risk for developing IHD, DM, and fatty liver. Silent CVD risk factors were identified in 20.4% of the participants. In our proposed multivariate logistic regression model, the predictors of MetS were obesity [OR (95% CI) = 16.3 (6.03-44.0)], morbid obesity [OR (95% CI) = 21.7 (5.3-88.0)], not working [OR (95% CI) = 2.05 (1.1-3.8)], and having a family history of chronic diseases [OR (95% CI) = 4.38 (2.23-8.61)]. Consumption of caffeine once per week protected against MetS by 27.8-fold. The derived prediction rule was accurate in predicting MetS, fatty liver, high risk of DM, and, to a lesser extent, a 10-year lifetime risk of IHD. Conclusion: Central obesity and sedentary lifestyles are accountable for the rising rates of MetS in our society. Interventions are needed to minimize the potential predisposition of the Egyptian population to cardiometabolic diseases.

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The prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Tibetan immigrants living in high altitude areas in Ladakh, India

Abstract: Among this group of Tibetan immigrants living in high altitude areas, women have a higher prevalence of obesity and MetS than men. No relationship was found between diabetes and obesity.

Cited by 26 publications

References 30 publications

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among ethnic groups in China

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among ethnic groups in China

Metabolic syndrome in native populations living at high altitude: a cross-sectional survey in Derong, China

Adapting a Prediction Rule for Metabolic Syndrome Risk Assessment Suitable for Developing Countries

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