The Prevalence of Visual Impairment in School Children of Upper-Middle Socioeconomic Status in Kathmandu

Sapkota, Yuddha Dhoj; Adhikari, Bishwa Nath; Pokharel, Gopal P.; Poudyal, Bimal; Ellwein, Leon B.

doi:10.1080/09286580701772011

Cited by 90 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In Nepal, the prevalence of myopia ranged from 10.9% in 10-year-old children, 16.5% in 12-year-olds, to 27.3% in 15-year-old children living in the urban region, whereas it was <3% in 5-15 year old children in rural Nepal. 29,30 In urban India, the prevalence of myopia was 4.7%, 7.0% and 10.8% in 5, 10 and 15 year-olds, respectively. On the other hand, the prevalence of myopia was 2.8%, 4.1% and 6.7% in 7, 10 and 15-year-olds, respectively in the rural region.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Myopia In Adults In Western Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia

Pan

Ramamurthy

Saw

2011

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

731

569

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Background: Myopia, the most common type of refractive error, is a complex trait including both genetic and environmental factors. Numerous studies have tried to elucidate the aetiology of myopia. However, the exact aetiology of myopia is still unclear. Purpose: To summarize the worldwide patterns and trends for the prevalence of myopia and to evaluate the risk factors for myopia in population-based studies. Recent findings: The prevalences of myopia vary across populations of different regions and ethnicities. In population-based studies on children, the prevalence of myopia has been reported to be higher in urban areas and Chinese ethnicity. The regional and racial difference is not so obvious in adult populations aged over 40 years. More time spent on near work, less time outdoors, higher educational level and parental history of myopia have been reported to increase the risk of myopia. Conclusions: Environmental factors play a crucial role in myopia development. The effect of gene-environment interaction on the aetiology of myopia is still controversial with inconsistent findings in different studies. A relatively hyperopic periphery can stimulate compensating eye growth in the centre. Longitudinal cohort studies or randomized clinical trials of community-based health behaviour interventions should be conducted to further clarify the aetiology of myopia.

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Section: Prevalence Of Myopia In Adults In Western Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia

Pan

Ramamurthy

Saw

2011

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

731

569

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“…These two surveys used similar methods previously used in studies performed in other developing countries such as Nepal (Pokharel et al 1998, Sapkota et al 2008), China (Zhao et al 1998, Li et al 1999, Michon et al 2002, He et al 2004; Chile ; India (Murthy et al 2001, Nirmalan et al 2002, Dandona et al 2002; South Africa (Naidoo et al 2003) and Malaysia (Goh et al 2005).…”

Section: Population-based Studies In Brazilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the basis of these findings, a subsequent RESC survey in rural Yangxi, China was designed using logistically less cumbersome school-based sampling (He et al 2007). Fur-ther, because of resistance among parents in providing consent for cycloplegia, on a recent survey among private secondary schools in Kathmandu, Nepal, only children with visual impairment were evaluated with cycloplegic refraction (Sapkota et al 2008). The current emphasis in RESC surveys is, thus, not on evaluating the prevalence of refractive errors, but on visual impairment with refractive error.…”

Section: Prevalence and Causes Of Visual Impairment In School Childrementioning

confidence: 99%

Visual impairment and blindness: an overview of prevalence and causes in Brazil

Salomão

Mitsuhiro

Belfort

2009

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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Our purpose is to provide a summary overview of blindness and visual impairment on the context of recent Brazilian ocular epidemiologic studies. Synthesis of data from two cross-sectional population-based studies -the São Paulo Eye Study and the Refractive Error in School Children Study is presented. 3678 older adults and 2441 school children were examined between July 2004 and December 2005. Prevalence of blindness in older adults using presenting visual acuity was 1.51% decreasing to 1.07% with refractive correction. The most common causes of blindness in older adults were retinal disorders, followed by cataract and glaucoma. In school children, the prevalence of uncorrected visual impairment was 4.82% decreasing to 0.41% with refractive correction. The most common cause of visual impairment in school children was uncorrected refractive error. Visual impairment and blindness in Brazil is an important public health problem. It is a significant problem in older Brazilians, reinforcing the need to implement prevention of blindness programs for elderly people with emphasis on those without schooling. In school-children cost-effective strategies are needed to address a readily treatable cause of vision impairment -prescription and provision of glasses.

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“…The global pattern indicates that by age 12-15, the prevalence of the condition has fallen off substantially to low levels. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Although moderate-to-high hyperopia may coexist with strabismus 5 and associated with the risk of developing amblyopia 5 or angle closure glaucoma in later life, it appears that, given the relatively low prevalence of the condition, there is a paucity of information relating to the condition and its risk factors, and thus strategies to modify and control hyperopia have been limited. There exist claims in the patent literature for modifying or preventing hyperopia with, for example, use of filters, dual focus or diffractive lenses, use of TGF-b activation inhibitor, administration of GABA receptor agonists or antagonists, and by limiting the amount of spherical aberration of the eye to less than þ 0.50 D; however, there have been no reports or data from human clinical studies that have considered these strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Table 2). [2][3][4][6][7][8][10][11][12]18,19 Although there are suggestions that astigmatism especially 'against-the rule', might have a role in development of myopia, 20 studies on this relationship have been equivocal. 21,22 Significantly, the evolutionary trend with age towards lessening hyperopia or increasing myopia continues for many during childhood with an increasing number of children becoming myopic with each passing year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical applications to modify and control the development of ametropia

Sankaridurg¹,

Holden²

2013

Eye

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For many individuals, the developmental trend of lessening hyperopia from birth continues past emmetropia towards myopia during childhood. The global pattern for prevalence of refractive errors indicates that the prevalence of hyperopia is low; in contrast, the burden of myopia is on the rise because of rising prevalence and magnitude of myopia. This review highlights the need to lessen the global burden of myopia by intervening with the development and/or slowing the progression of myopia. Further, outcomes from human clinical trials of pharmaceutical, optical, and environmental approaches to control myopia will be summarised. Pharmaceutical treatments are effective in controlling eye growth but are associated with deleterious side effects. Optical strategies that induce myopic defocus at the retina such as peripheral defocus reducing lenses, simultaneous defocus lenses, bifocals, and orthokeratology as well as environmental influences such as increased outdoor activity show promise and provide a substantially risk-free environment in which to control eye growth.

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The Prevalence of Visual Impairment in School Children of Upper-Middle Socioeconomic Status in Kathmandu

Cited by 90 publications

References 13 publications

Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia

Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia

Visual impairment and blindness: an overview of prevalence and causes in Brazil

Practical applications to modify and control the development of ametropia

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