The Prevalence of Zoonotic Tick-Borne Pathogens in<i>Ixodes Scapularis</i>Collected in the Hudson Valley, New York State

Aliota, Matthew T.; Dupuis, Alan P.; Wilczek, Michael; Peters, Ryan J.; Ostfeld, Richard S.; Kramer, Laura D.

doi:10.1089/vbz.2013.1475

Cited by 78 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Despite the difference in nymphal densities, the overall B. burgdorferi infection rates for 2011 and 2012 were not significantly different and are consistent with previously published reports of both peridomestic and non‐peridomestic infection rates (Falco and Fish , Maupin et al , Barbour et al , Diuk‐Wasser et al ). Similarly, the infection rates of A. phagocytophilum and B. microti are consistent with previous findings (Aliota et al , Keesing et al , Krause et al ). Our data demonstrate not only a high variability in tick abundances and pathogen infection rates between residential properties, but also between years.…”

Section: Ixodes Scapularis Nymphal Densities and Infection Rates By Ssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In the northeastern U.S., the highest risk of exposure to the blacklegged tick is likely peridomestic, due to fragmented forest landscapes and other land‐use characteristics, as well as the intrusion of humans into prime habitat for blacklegged ticks and their hosts (Falco and Fish , Maupin et al , Nicholson and Mather , Brownstein et al ). Despite this, most reports of tick abundance and infection rates focus primarily on ticks collected from public lands and forested research sites (Aliota et al , Barbour et al , Diuk‐Wasser et al , Hersh et al , Keesing et al ).…”

Section: Ixodes Scapularis Nymphal Densities and Infection Rates By Smentioning

confidence: 99%

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Abundance and infection rates of Ixodes scapularis nymphs collected from residential properties in Lyme disease-endemic areas of Connecticut, Maryland, and New York

Feldman

Connally

Hojgaard

et al. 2015

Journal of Vector Ecology

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Section: Ixodes Scapularis Nymphal Densities and Infection Rates By Ssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Ixodes Scapularis Nymphal Densities and Infection Rates By Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance and infection rates of Ixodes scapularis nymphs collected from residential properties in Lyme disease-endemic areas of Connecticut, Maryland, and New York

Feldman

Connally

Hojgaard

et al. 2015

Journal of Vector Ecology

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“…Also, POWV infections in this study were carried out with POWV lineage I, which may replicate differently than POWV lineage II (DTV) in I. scapularis organs. The latter virus has been isolated from naturally infected populations of I. scapularis (21,22). Detailed growth comparisons between both POWV lineages in tick organ cultures may provide further insight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavivirus Infection ofIxodes scapularis(Black-Legged Tick)Ex VivoOrganotypic Cultures and Applications for Disease Control

Grabowski¹,

Tsetsarkin

Long³

et al. 2017

mBio

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Ixodes scapularis ticks transmit many infectious agents that cause disease, including tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs). TBFV infections cause thousands of human encephalitis cases worldwide annually. In the United States, human TBFV infections with Powassan virus (POWV) are increasing and have a fatality rate of 10 to 30%. Additionally, Langat virus (LGTV) is a TBFV of low neurovirulence and is used as a model TBFV. TBFV replication and dissemination within I. scapularis organs are poorly characterized, and a deeper understanding of virus biology in this vector may inform effective countermeasures to reduce TBFV transmission. Here, we describe short-term, I. scapularis organ culture models of TBFV infection. Ex vivo organs were metabolically active for 9 to 10 days and were permissive to LGTV and POWV replication. Imaging and videography demonstrated replication and spread of green fluorescent protein-expressing LGTV in the organs. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed LGTV envelope and POWV protein synthesis within the infected organs.LGTV-and POWV-infected organs produced infectious LGTV and POWV; thus, the ex vivo cultures were suitable for study of virus replication in individual organs. LGTVand POWV-infected midgut and salivary glands were subjected to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) transfection with dsRNA to the LGTV 3= untranslated region (UTR), which reduced infectious LGTV and POWV replication, providing a proof-of-concept use of RNA interference in I. scapularis organ cultures to study the effects on TBFV replication. The results contribute important information on TBFV localization within ex vivo I. scapularis organs and provide a significant translational tool for evaluating recombinant, live vaccine candidates and potential tick transcripts and proteins for possible therapeutic use and vaccine development to reduce TBFV transmission.IMPORTANCE Tick-borne flavivirus (TBFV) infections cause neurological and/or hemorrhagic disease in humans worldwide. There are currently no licensed therapeutics or vaccines against Powassan virus (POWV), the only TBFV known to circulate in North America. Evaluating tick vector targets for antitick vaccines directed at reducing TBFV infection within the arthropod vector is a critical step in identifying efficient approaches to controlling TBFV transmission. This study characterized infection of female Ixodes scapularis tick organ cultures of midgut, salivary glands, and synganglion with the low-neurovirulence Langat virus (LGTV) and the more pathogenic POWV. Cell types of specific organs were susceptible to TBFV infection, and a difference in LGTV and POWV replication was noted in TBFV-infected organs. This tick organ culture model of TBFV infection will be useful for various applications,

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“…While POWV-induced disease can occur in all age groups, epidemiological studies suggest a greater risk in the elderly (> 60 years of age) 224 , which is similar to other encephalitic flaviviruses including WNV 228 . POWV is emerging, as increasing numbers of cases have been diagnosed over the past decade 229 and up to 3-5% of I. scapularis ticks isolated in certain parts of the United States now test positive for POWV 230,231 . Moreover, seroprevalence rates of POWV infection in other mammals (for example, white-tailed deer) are rising and may be associated with the expanded range of I. scapularis in the United States 232 .…”

Section: Ilheus Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses

Pierson

Diamond²

2020

Nat Microbiol

724

627

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F laviviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses vectored principally by arthropods that cause severe illnesses in humans. The extensive global spread and epidemic transmission of flaviviruses during the last seven decades has been remarkable. The mosquito-borne dengue viruses (DENV) infect an estimated 400 million humans each year; more than a quarter of the world's population lives in areas where DENV is now endemic 1 . By comparison, only sporadic DENV epidemics were documented before the Second World War 2 . The introductions of West Nile (WNV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses into the Western Hemisphere was followed by rapid geographical spread, large numbers of human infections and considerable morbidity 3,4 . Ongoing yellow fever virus (YFV) transmission and its encroachment on urban environments, despite the existence of an effective vaccine, poses a serious public health challenge 5-7 . Other flaviviruses present ongoing health risks or are beginning to emerge in different parts of the world, including Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Usutu virus (USUV).The epidemic potential of flaviviruses reflects many factors related to the unique characteristics of their insect vectors, the consequences of poorly planned urbanization that creates ideal arthropod breeding habitats, the geographical expansion of vectors, changing environmental conditions and extensive global travel 8,9 . Beyond arthropods and humans, flaviviruses are also known to infect a wide array of animal species and can be important veterinary pathogens that threaten economically important domesticated animals 10-14 . These vertebrate animal hosts may constitute important stable reservoirs and contribute to defining conditions that support the introduction of new viral species and transmission among humans 15 . The continued threat of flavivirus emergence and re-emergence highlights a need for a detailed fundamental understanding of the biology of these viruses, the immune responses that can contain them and the possible countermeasures that can blunt their impact on public health should new outbreaks occur. Flavivirus structure and replicationFlaviviruses are small (~50 nm) spherical virus particles that incorporate a single genomic RNA of positive-sense polarity encoding three structural and seven non-structural proteins (Fig. 1a). Our knowledge of the biology of flaviviruses has advanced considerably with the availability of high-resolution structures of viral structural proteins and of virions at different stages of the replication cycle or in complex with antibodies or host factors 16 . Crystal structures of the enzymatic non-structural proteins also have been solved, accelerating advances in an understanding of virus replication and pathogenesis [17][18][19] and enabling structure-guided drug discovery, as reviewed elsewhere 20 .Virion structure and morphogenesis. Flaviviruses are assembled using three viral structural proteins (C, prM and E), a host lipid envelope and the viral genomic RNA. The structure of ...

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The Prevalence of Zoonotic Tick-Borne Pathogens inIxodes ScapularisCollected in the Hudson Valley, New York State

Cited by 78 publications

References 45 publications

Abundance and infection rates of Ixodes scapularis nymphs collected from residential properties in Lyme disease-endemic areas of Connecticut, Maryland, and New York

Abundance and infection rates of Ixodes scapularis nymphs collected from residential properties in Lyme disease-endemic areas of Connecticut, Maryland, and New York

Flavivirus Infection ofIxodes scapularis(Black-Legged Tick)Ex VivoOrganotypic Cultures and Applications for Disease Control

The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses

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