2024
DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1627
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The primacy of density‐mediated indirect effects in a community of wolves, elk, and aspen

Elaine M. Brice,
Eric J. Larsen,
Daniel R. Stahler
et al.

Abstract: The removal or addition of a predator in an ecosystem can trigger a trophic cascade, whereby the predator indirectly influences plants and/or abiotic processes via direct effects on its herbivore prey. A trophic cascade can operate through a density‐mediated indirect effect (DMIE), where the predator reduces herbivore density via predation, and/or through a trait‐mediated indirect effect (TMIE), where the predator induces an herbivore trait response that modifies the herbivore's effect on plants. Manipulative … Show more

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