The primate fovea: Structure, function and development

Bringmann, Andreas; Syrbe, Steffen; Görner, Katja; Kacza, Johannes; Francke, Mike; Wiedemann, Peter; Reichenbach, Andreas

doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.006

Cited by 268 publications

(355 citation statements)

References 215 publications

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“…OLM, outer limiting membrane; PRS, photoreceptor segments. Images modified after Piersol () and Bringmann et al ()…”

Section: Retinal Astrogliamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the outer processes of Müller cells of the foveal walls, which are radially arranged in the foveola, may express both glutamine synthetase and GFAP. Images modified after Bringmann et al ()…”

Section: Müller Gliamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fovea interna is formed by a radial displacement of the inner retinal layers away from the path of the incoming light. In the foveola, the light hits nearly directly the photoreceptor cells; this and the absence of blood vessels improves the quality of the visual image receipt by the densely packed cone photoreceptors in the foveola (Bringmann et al, ).…”

Section: Müller Cells Of the Foveamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The structural stability of the mature fovea is provided by Müller cells while both Müller cells and astrocytes mediate the ontogenetic development of the fovea (see Section 8). The only type of macroglia in the fovea is Müller glia; astrocytes are located in the parafovea (Figure a) (Bringmann et al, ; Distler & Dreher, ). Microglia are distributed in the NFL/GCL and plexiform layers of the foveal walls whereas the foveola is largely microglia‐free (Singaravelu, Zhao, Fariss, Nork, & Wong, ).…”

Section: Müller Cells Of the Foveamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GCL, ganglion cell layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; PIS, photoreceptor inner segments; POS, photoreceptor outer segments. Images modified after Bringmann et al ()…”

Section: Müller Cells Of the Foveamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glia of the human retina

Reichenbach

Bringmann

2019

Glia

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159

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The human retina contains three types of glial cells: microglia and two types of macroglia, astrocytes and Müller cells. Macroglia provide homeostatic and metabolic support to photoreceptors and neurons required for neuronal activity. The fovea, the site of the sharpest vision which is astrocyte‐ and microglia‐free, contains two populations of Müller glia: cells which form the Müller cell cone in the foveola and z‐shaped Müller cells of the foveal walls. Both populations are characterized by morphological and functional differences. Müller cells of the foveola do not support the activity of photoreceptors and neurons, but provide the structural stability of the foveal tissue and improve the light transmission through the tissue to the photoreceptors. This article gives overviews of the glia of the human retina and the structure and function of both Müller cell types in the fovea, and describes the contributions of astrocytes and Müller cells to the ontogenetic development of the fovea.

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“…OLM, outer limiting membrane; PRS, photoreceptor segments. Images modified after Piersol () and Bringmann et al ()…”

Section: Retinal Astrogliamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Müller Gliamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Müller Cells Of the Foveamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Müller Cells Of the Foveamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Müller Cells Of the Foveamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glia of the human retina

Reichenbach

Bringmann

2019

Glia

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218

159

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Changes in Optic Nerve Head and Retinal Morphology During Spaceflight and Acute Fluid Shift Reversal

et al. 2022

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IMPORTANCECountermeasures that reverse the headward fluid shift experienced in weightlessness have the potential to mitigate spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome. This study investigated whether use of the countermeasure lower-body negative pressure during spaceflight was associated with changes in ocular structure.OBJECTIVE To determine whether changes to the optic nerve head and retina during spaceflight can be mitigated by brief in-flight application of 25-mm Hg lower-body negative pressure. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSIn the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's "Fluid Shifts Study," a prospective cohort study, optical coherence tomography scans of the optic nerve head and macula were obtained from US and international crew members before flight, in-flight, and up to 180 days after return to Earth. In-flight scans were obtained both under normal weightless conditions and 10 to 20 minutes into lower-body negative pressure exposure. Preflight and postflight data were collected in the seated, supine, and head-down tilt postures. Crew members completed 6-to 12-month missions that took place on the International Space Station. Data were analyzed from 2016 to 2021. INTERVENTIONS OR EXPOSURESSpaceflight and lower-body negative pressure. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESChanges in minimum rim width, optic cup volume, Bruch membrane opening height, peripapillary total retinal thickness, and macular thickness.RESULTS Mean (SD) flight duration for the 14 crew members (mean [SD] age, 45 [6] years; 11 male crew members [79%]) was 214 (72) days. Ocular changes on flight day 150, as compared with preflight seated, included an increase in minimum rim width (33.8 μm; 95% CI, 27.9-39.7 μm; P < .001), decrease in cup volume (0.038 mm 3 ; 95% CI, 0.030-0.046 mm 3 ; P < .001), posterior displacement of Bruch membrane opening (−9.0 μm; 95% CI, −15.7 to −2.2 μm; P = .009), and decrease in macular thickness (fovea to 500 μm, 5.1 μm; 95% CI, 3.5-6.8 μm; P < .001). Brief exposure to lower-body negative pressure did not affect these parameters.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this cohort study suggest that peripapillary tissue thickening, decreased cup volume, and mild central macular thinning were associated with long-duration spaceflight. Acute exposure to 25-mm Hg lower-body negative pressure did not alter optic nerve head or retinal morphology, suggesting that longer durations of a fluid shift reversal may be needed to mitigate spaceflight-induced changes and/or other factors are involved.

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Brain, Cognition, and Behavior in Humans and Other Primates

and¹,

Sherwood²

2023

A Companion to Biological Anthropology

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The primate fovea: Structure, function and development

Cited by 268 publications

References 215 publications

Glia of the human retina

Glia of the human retina

Changes in Optic Nerve Head and Retinal Morphology During Spaceflight and Acute Fluid Shift Reversal

Brain, Cognition, and Behavior in Humans and Other Primates

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