The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium

Abstract

This is the fourth edition of an established textbook of chemical thermodynamics used by university and technical college students of chemistry and chemical engineering. The text covers the same ground as previous editions, presenting the general theory of chemical equilibrium, including its statistical development, and illustrating its many applications in the laboratory and industry. This edition has been extensively revised in the light of recent contributions to the literature. Many new references have been added; the re-writing of certain passages, especially of those concerning the statistical interpretation of entropy and the present understanding of order-disorder transitions, also reflects changes of emphasis.

Molecular model for solubility of gases in flexible polymers

“…in which V STP is the molar gas volume at standard temperature and pressure (22,415 cm 3 /mol at 0°C and 1 atm), and is the polymer density. As mentioned above, the starting point for our model is the ideal solubility model of gases in liquids as stated by Raoult's law 11,12 x i ϭ P i P i vap (4) where x i is the mole fraction of the (ith) gas component in the condensed phase, P i denotes the partial pressure, and P i vap is the vapor pressure of the gas.…”

The solubility and behaviour of acid gases in the marine aerosol

“…In this work we refer to KH as a Henry's law constant, although the term is generally applied only to equilibria involving nondissociating solutes. However, as Denbigh (1971) has pointed out, the quantity mH +. mX-/pHX tends to a constant value as mHX tends to zero -thus HX exhibits Henry's law behaviour in very dilute solutions when the equilibrium is expressed in the form of Equation (1).…”

“…Very high solute concentrations may occur in the droplets, and modelling acid gas exchange in aerosol systems is therefore complicated by the nonideal behaviour of the solutions. Clegg and Brimblecombe (1986), and earlier Denbigh (1971), have shown that the partitioning of a strong acid HX between aqueous and gas phases is most simply represented as an equilibrium between gaseous HX and its dissolved aqueous ions HXg = Ha+q + Xaq.…”

Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Hydrate Formation Conditions in Nigerian Oil and Gas Pipelines

“…This has led to increased interest in deeper waters, harsher and more difficult environment where operating conditions are not encouraging, most notable in the Gulf of Mexico, offshore Brazil, West Africa, and west of the Shetlands. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] As a result, there have now been a number of developments in deep water's in excess of 500 m water depth and a number that exceeds 1 km (e.g., SNEPCO's Bonga at 1030 m, Elf's Girasol at 1300 m, and Petrobras Recandor at 1500-2000 m). For these developments the capital investment required in the pipeline systems represents a significant proportion of the total field development cost, and, therefore, desirable that designs are optimal and efficient, putting into consideration some of the challenges being faced by the industry as a result of these advancements.…”