The pro-/anti-inflammatory effects of different fatty acids on visceral adipocytes are partially mediated by GPR120

Abstract

FAs are capable of directly acting on visceral adipocytes to modulate differently TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and adiponectin expression, with a different and greater effect in MO subjects. These effects are largely annulled when GPR120 expression was silenced, which suggests that they could be mediated by GPR120.

<p>Saturated Fatty Acids in Obesity-Associated Inflammation</p>

“…There is also evidence suggesting that SFAs may increase the ER stress which, in turn, induces the expression of inflammatory genes and ER chaperones including GRP78 (Figure 1). Besides the mechanistic pathways described above, SFAs may also induce inflammation via binding to Gprotein-coupled receptors (GPRs) 23 or production of ceramides. 29,134,135 The increased production of ceramides may contribute to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.…”

“…35 Both stearic acid and palmitic acid induce the activation of NF-κB and stimulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators in trophoblast cells isolated from human placentas, 36,37 microglial cells, 38 and prostate epithelial cells. 39 Similarly, palmitic acid significantly activates JNK in HEPG2 cells; 40 increases the expression of MCP-1 in mesangial cells; 15 induces the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 in smooth muscle cells; 41,42 increases the activation of p38, JNK, and NF-κB with enhanced expression of TNFα in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells; 43,44 enhances the activation of NF-κB with increased production of IL-6 and TNF-α in adipocytes; 23,45 and induces the activation of p38, ERK, and JNK with increased expression of COX-2, IL-6 and MCP-1 in fibroblast cells. 46,47 Dietary supplementation with high-fat diet (HFD) or infusion of Liposyn II (a 20% triglyceride nonpyrogenic emulsion), lipid/heparin, soybean oil, lard oil, or fatty acids has been used to increase circulating FFA level in human and animal model studies.…”

“…The circulating levels of FFAs may be increased in obesity and its associated conditions as a result of increased amount of adipose tissue, reduced response to insulin's antilipolytic effect of obese adipose tissue, and decreased re-esterification of FFAs by obese adipocytes. [20][21][22] Circulating levels of FFAs have been reported to be increased in obese subjects, 22 morbidly obese subjects, 23 overweight/obese subjects with diabetes mellitus, 24 patients with severe non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 25 and obese NAFLD patients. 24,26 Karpe et al conducted a literature search on non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) or FFA as well as obesity on PubMed in July 2009 and found 43 original reports on 953 nonobese (control) subjects and 1410 overweight/obese subjects with most studies reporting greater FFA level in the obese/overweight group even though the average difference is modest, and concluded that FFA concentration is undeniably higher in certain groups of obese individuals.…”

Effects of canola or olive oil on plasma lipids, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and inflammatory cytokines in patients referred for coronary angiography

“…Compared to canola oil, the amount of oleic and palmitoleic acid in olive oil is higher. In vitro studies have shown that the addition of oleic or palmitoleic acid to the cell culture medium is effective in reducing or preventing increases in IL-6 levels [23][24][25][26]. Some human studies have shown evidence of an inverse association between oleic acid and IL-6 concentration [27].…”

Effects of canola or olive oil on plasma lipids, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and inflammatory cytokines in patients referred to coronary angiography

“…Compared to canola oil, the amount of oleic and palmitoleic acid in olive oil is higher. In vitro studies have shown that the addition of oleic or palmitoleic acid to the cell culture medium is effective in reducing or preventing the increase of IL-6 levels [20][21][22][23]. Some human studies have also shown evidence of an inverse association between oleic acid and IL-6 concentration [24].…”