The Problem of Non-Typical Objects in the Multidimensional Comparative Analysis of the Level of Renewable Energy Development

Abstract

The development of energy from renewable sources is one of the most important aspects of today’s energy industry. The level of this development (production of green energy) is determined by the use of a variety of methods, e.g., the methods of multicriteria and multivariate analysis. The effectiveness of these methods is affected by many factors, and one of them is the appearance of non-typical objects (outliers). This paper investigates the effectiveness of selected methods (TOPSIS, VIKOR, VMCM) in terms of computational robustness to outlier objects. The most effective method in this respect (VMCM) is then applied to study the level of development of renewable energy sources in European countries. The presented research provides the opportunity to carry out a dynamic analysis (for selected base years) of the level of energy generation from diverse renewable sources in reference to the adopted patterns and anti-patterns (European countries). The obtained results are discussed, thus confirming the effectiveness of the proposed methodological approach.

Renewable Energy Decision Criteria on Green Consumer Values Comparing Poland and India Aligned with Environment Policy for Sustainable Development

“…Other countries, such as Poland-71.03, Ireland-70.59, the United Kingdom-70.15, Spain-68.52, and Italy-68.5 scored points consecutively in a decreasing order among the other countries of Europe [63]. The presented bar chart (Figure 4) clearly shows the status of Poland, which is very close to the EU's average points.…”

“…At the same time, there are many countries exceeding the average, such as Sweden-80.57, Denmark-79.32, Germany-75.33, France-72.71, and the Netherlands-72.12 consecutive points. Other countries, such as Poland-71.03, Ireland-70.59, the United Kingdom-70.15, Spain-68.52, and Italy-68.5 scored points consecutively in a decreasing order among the other countries of Europe [63]. The presented bar chart (Figure 4) clearly shows the status of Poland, which is very close to the EU's average points.…”

“…The EU has displayed a recommendable contribution in reaching sustainable development goals. As per the statistical information provided by the European Sustainable Development Report 2021 [63], the average contribution of the European Union is scoring 71.39 points. At the same time, there are many countries exceeding the average, such as Sweden-80.57, Denmark-79.32, Germany-75.33, France-72.71, and the Netherlands-72.12 consecutive points.…”

Compromise Multi-Criteria Selection of E-Scooters for the Vehicle Sharing System in Poland

“…are described in terms of natural values. Most of the criteria are stimulants, so they are profit criteria [47]. Destimulants, i.e., cost criteria are battery charging time, weight, and price.…”

Selection of Electric Vehicles for the Needs of Sustainable Transport under Conditions of Uncertainty—A Comparative Study on Fuzzy MCDA Methods

“…Poland, like the entire Europe and the world, aims at the dynamic development of the EVs market in order to maintain a sustainable transport system and adjust it to the goals of the national and European climate and energy policy [10,11]. It is estimated that almost 25% of greenhouse gases (GHG) in Europe are produced by the transport sector [12].…”