“…Further, other studies reported uncertain weather conditions (Bernades & do Rêgo, 2014;Maleko, Msalya, Mwilawa, & Mtei, 2018;Zwane, 2019), high cost of feed and fertiliser (Maleko et al, 2018;Smitha, 2019;Zwane, 2019), power failures and high cost of electricity (Maluleke, Tshabalala & Tolla, 2021). Furthermore, many other studies report livestock theft (Kongolo & Dlamini, 2012;Clack, 2013;Bath, Penrith, & Leask, 2016;Aiyzhy et al, 2021;Diniso & Jaja, 2021), lack of machinery and equipment (Bernades & do Rêgo, 2014;Gianni, Gotzamani & Vouzas, 2017) and lack of government support (Mwakaje, 2008;Banda et al, 2012;Rademaker et al, 2016;Maleko et al, 2018;Smitha, 2019;Otieno, Muendo & Mbeche, 2020). S. Afr.…”