The process-reactive classification of schizophrenia.

Herron, William G.

doi:10.1037/h0042068

Cited by 78 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This scale, constructed by Wittman in 1941, involves evaluation of prepsychotic personality, nature of onset, and typicality of psychosis relative to Kraepelin's definitions. Research utilizing the scale has been reviewed by Herron (1962). The information for this scale was obtained by direct interview of the patient, plus study of the hospital record and background information obtained by the social worker.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility of the Canter Background Interference Procedure for Differentiating among the Schizophrenias

Horine¹,

Fulkerson²

1973

Journal of Personality Assessment

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The Bender-Gestalt was given following the Canter Background Interference Procedure (BIP) to 40 schizophrenics divided into paranoid-nonparanoid and processreactive sub-categories. Nonparanoids performed significantly poorer under BIP conditions than under standard procedure. Paranoids performed equally well under both conditions. Comparison with Canter's brain-damaged Ss indicated that process nonparanoid schizophrenics resemble brain-damaged Ss using this procedure.Canter (1 966) has presented evidence that the performance of brain-damaged subjects on the Bender-Gestalt test is significantly impaired when the test items are drawn against a distracting background of wavy lines. He has called this modification the Background Interference Procedure (BIP). The BIP is of conceptual interest because it changes the Bender-Gestalt from a simple copying task to one with strong attentional components.Silverman (1 964) and McGhie (1969) have marshalled evidence that schizophrenia, particularly if one excepts paranoid schizophrenia, is basically an attentional disorder. If so, nonparanoid schizophrenics should show the same kind of deterioration under BIP conditions as do braindamaged patients. However, Canter (1966) found that a group of psychotic patients showed significantly less deterioration in performance than a braindamaged group, under BIP conditions. Of his psychotic patients 22 of 38 were diagnosed as schizophrenic reactions, but were not further differentiated.This study explores the hypothesis that nonparanoid schizophrenics will perform more poorly on a task with attentional distraction than on one without. In this they should differ from paranoid schizophrenics but resemble the braindamaged.

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Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility of the Canter Background Interference Procedure for Differentiating among the Schizophrenias

Horine¹,

Fulkerson²

1973

Journal of Personality Assessment

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“…Both measurements were recorded on an Offner Type R dynagraph. 8 The reaction time (RT) apparatus consisted of a plastic paddle extending 5 in. irom a metal box containing a microswitch placed on the right arm of a lounge chair.…”

Section: Autonomic and Reaction Time Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Disagreement increases as a function of the fineness of the differentiation attempted 2 and the number of judges involved. 8 The immediate consequences of diagnostic unreliability are heterogeneous symptoms among patients bearing equivalent diagnoses 4 and common symptoms among patients bearing 201 disparate diagnoses. 5 Thus a given diagnosis conveys minimal information concerning individuals so classified, and empirical studies based on such designations are correspondingly difficult to evaluate.…”

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confidence: 99%

Autonomic and Psychomotor Correlates of Premorbid Adjustment in Schizophrenia

Crider

Grinspoon

Maher

1965

Psychosomatic Medicine

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Twenty schizophrenic patients were ranked in terms of premorbid adjustment, auditory reaction time, and two measures of basal autonomic activity. Significant correlations were obtained between premorbid adjustment on the one hand and reaction time efficiency and palmar skin potential level on the other. The objective measurement of patient characteristics along dimensions of functioning as an approach to the description of psychopathology is discussed.

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“…Reactive schizophrenics and normals learned to respond more abstractly and there was no significant difference in over-all learning between these two groups. Results support the meacingfulness of the process-reactive distinction.Reducing the heterogeneity of schizophrenic behavior by employing the process-reactive dimensions for classifying patient Ss has frequently resulted in increased clarity and meaningfulness of the research findings (Herron, 1962; Higgins, 1964). The following snldy reports some results which further support the usef~ilness of subdividing the over-all schizophrenic group in this manner.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Reducing the heterogeneity of schizophrenic behavior by employing the process-reactive dimensions for classifying patient Ss has frequently resulted in increased clarity and meaningfulness of the research findings (Herron, 1962; Higgins, 1964). The following snldy reports some results which further support the usef~ilness of subdividing the over-all schizophrenic group in this manner.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Learning of Abstract Responses by Process and Reactive Schizophrenic Patients

True

1966

Psychol Rep

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Sumnzary.-20 male patients rated as process schizophrenics were compared with 20 reactive schizophrenics and 20 non-psychiatric patients on a learning task designed to elicit increasing numbers of abstract responses. Only the process group did not manifest significant learning under the conditions of the study. Reactive schizophrenics and normals learned to respond more abstractly and there was no significant difference in over-all learning between these two groups. Results support the meacingfulness of the process-reactive distinction.Reducing the heterogeneity of schizophrenic behavior by employing the process-reactive dimensions for classifying patient Ss has frequently resulted in increased clarity and meaningfulness of the research findings (Herron, 1962; Higgins, 1964). The following snldy reports some results which further support the usef~ilness of subdividing the over-all schizophrenic group in this manner.The snidy was basically an attempt to train schizophrenic patients to give abstract responses. Despite the frequently-cited deficit in abstract responding which characterizes the behavior of certain sch~zophrenic patients (Goldstein, 1943), there have been no known attempts ro determine whether these schizophrenic patients can learn to respond more abstractly.Consistent with the more favorable prognosis for reactive schizophrenic patients, it was hypothesized that these Ss would learn to respond more abstractly. It was predicted that the learning curve for reactive schizophrenic Ss would approximate that found in non-schizophrenic Ss. It was further hypothesized that process schizophrenics wo-~ld not learn to respond abstractly as efficiently as would either reactive or non-psychiatric groups. METHODThe verbal conditioning studies provided a model for the experimental approach. The standard word-association technique was selected as providing a method which elicited well-defined responses capable of being clearly verbally reinforced. Previous work has established a relationship between the verbal association process and ocher measures of conceptual or absuacc behavior (Goldstein, 1943;Meadows, et al., 1953). A preliminary study using 10 schizophrenic Ss and 10 non-psychiatric Ss was carried out to assess the reliability of E's judg-'This paper is based on a doctoral dissertation completed at Purdue University under the direction of John M. Hadley. More complete information can be obtained from University Microfilms Inc., 313 N . First Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Order No. 62-3492. The auihor wishes to thank Leonard D. Goodstein for his helpful suggestions.52 J . E. TRUEments of the abstract (vs concrete) properties of responses and to develop six blocks of 20 nouns equated for tendency to elicit abstract responses. The 1493 word association responses from these 20 Ss were independently rated by one clinical psychologist and two advanced graduate students in clinical psychology as either abstract or concrete utilizing the criteria outlined below. Tetrachoric cor--relations were computed between each j...

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The process-reactive classification of schizophrenia.

Cited by 78 publications

References 32 publications

Utility of the Canter Background Interference Procedure for Differentiating among the Schizophrenias

Utility of the Canter Background Interference Procedure for Differentiating among the Schizophrenias

Autonomic and Psychomotor Correlates of Premorbid Adjustment in Schizophrenia

Learning of Abstract Responses by Process and Reactive Schizophrenic Patients

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