The processes dominating Ca dissolution of limestone when exposed to ambient atmospheric conditions as determined by comparing dissolution models

Abstract

In order to gain a clearer understanding of the decay mechanisms operating in limestones, and to determine the main damage factors at different exposure environments, calcite-dissolution models from the literature were compared. The models recognise three major stone decay mechanisms: attack by air pollutants (dry deposition), dissolution in clean rain (karst effect) and dissolution caused by neutralisation of rain acidity (acidity effect). These models were fitted to experimental data obtained from the run-off water analysis running over the socalled Massangis limestone, exposed under ambient conditions in five sites in Belgium. The models demonstrate that different processes dominate the limestone dissolution at the different sites, with dry deposition of air pollutants (especially SO 2 ) being the principal process involved.

Multi O- and S-isotopes as tracers of black crusts formation under volcanic and non-volcanic atmospheric conditions in Sicily (Italy)

“…The similarity between the isotopic values (especially the δ 34 S) from Sicilian black crusts (this study) and those from other cities in Europe (Longinelli & Bartelloni, 1978;Buzek & Šrámek, 1985;Pye & Schiavon, 1989;Torfs et al, 1997;Siedel, 2000;Klemm & Siedel, 2002;Přikryl et al, 2004;Vallet et al, 2006;Kloppmann et al, 2011;Genot et al, 2020) suggests that similar sulphur sources contribute to the formation of their black crusts. This study thus confirms that in large urban areas, the black crust formation mostly results from anthropogenic sulphur emissions (Winkler, 1966;Massey, 1999;Bugini et al, 2000;Cardell-Fernández et al, 2002;Charola & Ware, 2002;Lefèvre & Ausset, 2002;Holynska et al, 2004;Přikryl et al, 2004;Barca et al, 2011;Kramar et al, 2011;Farkas et al, 2018;La Russa et al, 2018;Genot et al, 2020). More interestingly, the present work broadens the study of black crusts to different and various atmospheric environments (urban, coastal, rural and volcanic areas), and show that anthropogenic emissions still J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Genot et al (2020).…”

“…Furthermore, this mechanism is confirmed by the abundant literature on building stone deterioration which considers the dry deposition of air pollutants such as SO 2 to be the dominant mechanism in stone decay (Roekens & van Grieken, 1989;Girardet & Furlan, 1989;Ausset et al, 1999;Massey, 1999;Cardell-Fernández et al, 2002;Charola & Ware, 2002;Holynska et al, 2004;Livingston, 2012;Steiger, 2016;Bonazza & Sabbioni, 2016). ]/[Cl -] ratios attest that anthropogenic sulphur that contributes to the formation of black crusts is very likely to originate, not in the deposition and accumulation of atmospheric sulphate aerosols, but mostly in the dry deposition of gaseous SO 2 from anthropogenic emissions, which is in agreement with previous studies (Massey, 1999;Behlen et al, 2008;Wiese et al, 2013).…”

“…"Black Crusts" are micrometric to centimetric thick black layers observed on the surface of buildings, monument walls or sculptures (Figure 1). They represent one of the main studied cause of carbonate stone deterioration and cultural heritage damage in urban environments (Winkler, 1966;Longinelli & Bartelloni, 1978;Del Monte et al, 1981;Camuffo et al, 1982;Camuffo et al, 1983;Haneef et al, 1992;Sabbioni, 1995;Torfs et al, 1997;Ausset et al, 1999;Massey, 1999;Ausset & Lefevre, 2000;Bugini et al, 2000;Cardell-Fernández et al, 2002;Charola & Ware, 2002;Vallet et al, 2006;Lefèvre et al, 2007;Montana et al, 2008;Fronteau et al, 2010;Török et al, 2010;Barca et al, 2011;Kloppmann et al, 2011;Kramar et al, 2011;Livingston, 2012;Montana et al, 2012;Ruffolo et al, 2015;Steiger, 2016;Bonazza & Sabbioni, 2016;Comite et al, 2017;Pozo-Antonio et al, 2017;La Russa et al, 2018Farkas et al, 2018;Genot et al, 2020). In present-day polluted urban areas, black crusts are mostly found on surfaces partly shielded from rainfall, but still humid (Camuffo et al, 1982;Camuffo et al, 1983, Massey, 1999.…”

A new preventive coating for building stones mixing a water repellent and an eco-friendly biocide

“…Water is the main natural factor of weathering which penetrates inside the stone directly by rainfall or by capillary rise. It causes damage through its chemistry laden with salts or pollutants and its mechanical stress induced by the changing states with temperature variations [3][4][5]. Protective layers, in the form of natural coatings, have been applied for a long time to prevent stone alteration.…”

Experimental Measurements of Particulate Matter Deliquescence and Crystallization Relative Humidity: Application in Heritage Climatology

“…The low winter Ncy resulted in a low hazard of "mechanical" degradation instead. Such a situation can be considered particularly dangerous for carbonate substrates, as they are more susceptible to acid and karst attacks (Cardell-Fernández et al, 2002).…”