Lignin, the second most abundant natural polymer, has shown its immense potential as sustainable resources for the synthesis of nanocomposites. This chapter reviewed recent developments related to lignin-based nanocomposites, including the fabrication, properties, and applications of nanocomposites based on lignin and its derivatives. We introduced nanocomposites combining physical and chemical properties of lignin and organic materials such as biopolymer and synthetic polymer, and we discussed lignin-based metallic nanocomposites with preferable property and catalytic performance. Furthermore, lignin-based carbonaceous nanocomposites exhibiting enhanced electrical properties were illustrated. Other lignin-based nanocomposites were also presented in this chapter.