The Production and Selection of a Family of Strains in Penicillium chrysogenum

Backus, M. P.; Stauffer, J. F.

doi:10.2307/3755661

Cited by 87 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…A very notable phenotype was seen in offspring AS 1-2-54, which lacked chrysogenin production (similar to parent IB 08/ 921), but which formed a marked clearing zone (similar to parent Q176). Chrysogenin contaminates crystalline penicillin powders, and during the 20th century commercial producers had to extract this pigment, resulting in a reduced penicillin yield (4). Thus, we demonstrate here that sexual crossing offers a way to bring together previously separate traits of interest to develop improved strains that have high penicillin titer and lack chrysogenin.…”

Section: Molecular and Phenotypic Evidence For Recombination In The Amentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Sir Alexander Fleming made the fortuitous discovery of penicillin as a result of a contaminant, P. chrysogenum, inhibiting growth of a bacterial culture. Fifteen years later, a higher-yielding strain, NRRL1951, was isolated at the US Department of Agriculture Northern Regional Research Laboratory (NRRL) in Peoria, Illinois, from a moldy cantaloupe, which generated sufficient amounts for the commercial production of penicillin (4). Since then, conventional mutagenesis programs have been used to develop strains with elevated penicillin titers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual reproduction and mating-type–mediated strain development in the penicillin-producing fungus Penicillium chrysogenum

Böhm

Hoff

O’Gorman

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

119

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Penicillium chrysogenum is a filamentous fungus of major medical and historical importance, being the original and present-day industrial source of the antibiotic penicillin. The species has been considered asexual for more than 100 y, and despite concerted efforts, it has not been possible to induce sexual reproduction, which has prevented sexual crosses being used for strain improvement. However, using knowledge of mating-type (MAT) gene organization, we now describe conditions under which a sexual cycle can be induced leading to production of meiotic ascospores. Evidence of recombination was obtained using both molecular and phenotypic markers. The identified heterothallic sexual cycle was used for strain development purposes, generating offspring with novel combinations of traits relevant to penicillin production. Furthermore, the MAT1-1-1 mating-type gene, known primarily for a role in governing sexual identity, was also found to control transcription of a wide range of genes with biotechnological relevance including those regulating penicillin production, hyphal morphology, and conidial formation. These discoveries of a sexual cycle and MAT gene function are likely to be of broad relevance for manipulation of other asexual fungi of economic importance.sexual recombination | secondary metabolism | ascomycete

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Section: Molecular and Phenotypic Evidence For Recombination In The Amentioning

confidence: 94%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual reproduction and mating-type–mediated strain development in the penicillin-producing fungus Penicillium chrysogenum

Böhm

Hoff

O’Gorman

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

119

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“…Conidial platings of strains A, B, A6-9 and B6-27 were examined for segregation of different colony types comparable to that shown by improved strains of P. chrysogenum (Backus & Stauffer, 1955). No segregation was observed with any of the strains.…”

Section: R E S U L T Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These changes proved to have a polygenic basis necessitating the use of quantitative methods (Caten & Jinks, 1976;Caten, 1979). Improved strains of P. clzrysogenum are frequently somatically unstable (Backus & Stauffer, 1955) and are thought to carry various chromosomal rearrangements (Muchnik, 1961 ;Macdonald, 1968). These two aspects of their phenotype are probably related since at least certain types of chromosomal aberration may produce instability (Roper, 1973).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Penicillin Titre in Lines of Aspergillus nidulans Selected through Recurrent Mutagenesis

Simpson¹,

Caten²

1980

Microbiology

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Genetic analyses of mutations for increased penicillin titre were carried out on two strains of Aspergillus nidulans isolated after independent programmes of recurrent mutation and selection, similar to those used industrially for strain improvement. Both selected strains were stable in terms of colony morphology and penicillin titre. Backcrosses to the unselected ancestor indicated that the increased yield of each strain was due to an induced polygenic system with both additive and non-additive gene action. The titre-increasing mutations in one strain (A6-9) were recessive to their wild-type alleles, while those in the other (B6-27) were either semi-dominant or showed ambidirectional dominance. The diploid between A6-9 and B6-27 had a titre less than either component haploid, suggesting that the mutations in the two strains involved different genes. Strain B6-27 carried a translocation between chromosomes 111 and VII which had been induced during the selection programme. This investigation complements previous work on the genetics of penicillin production in A . nidulans and Penicillium chrysogenum and the results are directly relevant to industrial strain improvement by hybridization of divergent strains.

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“…In 1943, P. chrysogenum, was discovered and has remained the species of choice for industrial penicillin production; it yields much more penicillin than P. notatum, the first antibiotics-producing fungus isolated by Alexander Fleming, or any of its derivatives [1,2,3] . Search for better strains of the organism, growth optimization, and development of available strains of P. chrysogenum by classical mutagenesis procedures have been centered at improving penicillin yields [4,5] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological effect of Natural Penicillin Extract on Cassava Peel Media by Penicillium chrysogenum PCL501 on E.coli Infected Wistar Rats

Onyegeme-Okerenta¹,

Ebuehi²

2017

IOSRPHR

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ABSTRACT:-Some physiological effect of natural penicillin extract produced on cassava peel media by Penicillium chrysogenum PCL501 on E.coli infected Wistar rats were evaluated. Fermentation of P. chrysogenum PCL501 with cassava peels -an agro-waste-produced natural antibiotics. In vitro antibiotic activity of cassava peels culture extract was tested against two clinical bacterial isolates, namely, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli. The culture extract and standard drug (commercial Benzyl Penicillin) inhibited the growth B. subtilis and E. coli. Antibiotic activity of the culture extract was comparable with that of the standard drug. In vivo antibiotic action on Wistar Wistar rats infected with E. coli showed that the penicillin produced on cassava peel was potent as its administration leads to the recovery of the infected animals. Evaluation of biochemical indices of E. coli infected Wistar rats and treatment with extract confirms that the extract is a potent antibiotic. The haematological evaluation showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in platelet count in animals administered with both the extract and reference drug. Cassava peels are indicated as a suitable and cheap carbon source for the production of penicillin by P. chrysogenum PCL501.

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The Production and Selection of a Family of Strains in Penicillium chrysogenum

Cited by 87 publications

References 9 publications

Sexual reproduction and mating-type–mediated strain development in the penicillin-producing fungus Penicillium chrysogenum

Sexual reproduction and mating-type–mediated strain development in the penicillin-producing fungus Penicillium chrysogenum

Genetics of Penicillin Titre in Lines of Aspergillus nidulans Selected through Recurrent Mutagenesis

Physiological effect of Natural Penicillin Extract on Cassava Peel Media by Penicillium chrysogenum PCL501 on E.coli Infected Wistar Rats

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