“…Nonvascular cells such as tumor cells, inflammatory cells (i.e., macrophages, mast cells), and stromal cells (i.e., fibroblasts) can modulate angiogenesis by secreting a large number of these angiogenic factors in the malignant microenvironment [11,15,18]; the most prevalent amongst them are basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor, angiogenin, interleukin-6, hepatocyte growth factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1, matrix metalloproteinase, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and so on [9,13,14,15,17,21,23,24,25]. Like solid tumor cells, highly proliferating plasma cells possess an angiogenic capability via the release of these angiogenic cytokines [26].…”