The Propagation of Radio Waves over the Surface of the Earth and in the Upper Atmosphere

Norton, Kenneth A.

doi:10.1109/jrproc.1936.227360

Cited by 226 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The dependency ∼1/r is exactly the same as for the case of free space (spherical-type wave in vacuum) while the ∼1/r 2 decay is redolent of the Norton wave arising in radio transmission at the Earth's surface 19 and of radiation by holes in metals. 20 Analytical form of the Green's dyadic of free space for z = 0.…”

Section: Appendix C: Green's Dyadic For a Dipole Placedmentioning

confidence: 66%

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Fields radiated by a nanoemitter in a graphene sheet

et al. 2011

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The extraordinary properties of graphene make it a very promising material for optoelectronics. However, basic attributes of the electromagnetic field in graphene are still unexplored. Here we report on the in-plane fields radiated by a nanoemitter lying on a graphene sheet in terahertz regime, which present a rich dependence on frequency, distance to the source, and orientation of the dipole moment. The field pattern is mainly composed of a core region, dominated by surface plasmons, where the electric field can be several orders of magnitude larger than in vacuum, and an outer region where the field is virtually the same as what it would be in vacuum.

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Section: Appendix C: Green's Dyadic For a Dipole Placedmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Instead, the asymptotic field arises from the kink in the angular spectrum (see Fig. 2), and is reminiscent of the Norton wave found in the studies of radio transmission at the Earth's surface 19 and of radiation by holes in metals. 20 This asymptotic field decays as r −2 and is predominantly TM polarized.…”

Section: Parallel Dipole P = P E Xmentioning

confidence: 92%

Fields radiated by a nanoemitter in a graphene sheet

et al. 2011

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“…This field component presents the two-dimensional analog of the Norton waves (NW) discovered theoretically almost a century ago by Norton,22 when analyzing the radiation of radio waves by a point dipole placed over the Earth's surface (represented by a lossy dielectric).…”

Section: B Perfect Electric Conductor Limitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oblique launching of optical surface waves by a subwavelength slit

2011

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The electromagnetic field on the metal surface launched by a subwavelength slit is analytically studied for the case when the fundamental mode inside the slit has a wave-vector component along the slit axis (conical mount). Both near-field and far-field regions are discussed, and the role of surface plasmon-polaritons and Norton waves is revealed. It is shown that the distance from the slit at which Norton waves are more intense than surface plasmons decreases with the parallel wave vector. Additionally, it is found that the s-polarization component, while present for any nonzero parallel wave vector, only weakly contributes to the Norton waves.

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“…The solution by Sommerfeld is very complicated and requires advanced mathematical skills. Therefore, Norton developed simplified, easier to use formulas in 1936 [15]. We quote here from his introduction ''Since that time (Sommerfeld 0 s time, inserted by the authors) many other investigators have obtained similar solutions of the problem in various ways.…”

Section: Surface Wave Theories and Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Approach Towards Large Scale Soil Moisture Mapping by Radio Waves

2011

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A new approach for obtaining integrated estimates of soil moisture content over larger regions of typically 10-50 km is described. It is based on a known correlation between propagation characteristics of low frequency radio surface waves and surface soil moisture, and provides valuable new benefits especially for meteorological prognostic models and for soil water estimation in agriculture. The paper consists of (1) a description of the theory of radio wave propagation with an extension of the classical theory of Norton (Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, Vol. 24, 1936), specifically the exploitation of the phase information, (2) demonstration of a method which guarantees the selection of reliable results from a large measurement data set, (3) a presentation of a new low cost measurement device to detect the amplitude and phase changes, and (4) results from initial measurements providing evidence that theoretical calculations are consistent with the measured change of electromagnetic signal properties due to soil moisture change.

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The Propagation of Radio Waves over the Surface of the Earth and in the Upper Atmosphere

Cited by 226 publications

References 13 publications

Fields radiated by a nanoemitter in a graphene sheet

Fields radiated by a nanoemitter in a graphene sheet

Oblique launching of optical surface waves by a subwavelength slit

A New Approach Towards Large Scale Soil Moisture Mapping by Radio Waves

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